# Bibliography > Every source the book cites, grouped by kind, with the chapters that cite it. --- LLMS index: [llms.txt](/en/llms.txt) --- Every source the chapters cite, in their Further reading or in their text, is listed here once, so you can find the original behind any claim without hunting. Start with the manual. Read the source notes and papers when you want the why behind a mechanism. Treat vendor pages as snapshots. Each entry gives the title, the author or publisher, the year where one applies, and the chapters that cite it. A chapter's Further reading says what a source is good for; this page says where it's cited. Living documentation has no year, so the chapters say when they checked each vendor fact. Chapters are cited by short name: preface (*Before you start*); basics (*Know the nouns first*); latency (*Where the time goes*); storage (*Everything is a page*); buffers (*The buffer cache decides what stays*); MVCC (*Updates are inserts*); HOT (*Keep your updates HOT*); WAL (*Write it down first*); ACID (*ACID, honestly*); vacuum (*Vacuum is not optional*); not MySQL (*Postgres is not MySQL*); types (*Types are a contract*); keys (*Pick your keys once*); relationships (*Constraints, chosen on purpose*); models (*You don't need another database (yet)*); extensions (*Extensions worth knowing*); B-tree (*The B-tree does the heavy lifting*); more indexes (*Beyond the B-tree*); EXPLAIN (*Read the plan, not the clock*); planner (*The planner is guessing*); plans (*The cheapest plan wins*); queries (*Queries that age well*); search (*Search without a search engine*); functions (*Code in the database*); concurrency (*Everyone waits in line*); migrations (*Change the schema, keep the site*); loading (*Load it fast*); connections (*Connections aren't free*); benchmarking (*Measure honestly*); configuration (*The settings that matter*); observability (*Watch it run*); backups (*An untested backup is a rumor*); security (*Trust no tenant*); managed (*Someone else runs the box*); providers (*Pick a provider you can leave*); playbook (*Fix the work, then the box*); scale (*Scale up before you scale out*); replication (*Copies of the truth*); partitioning (*Partition for the delete*); sharding (*Shard last*); limits (*Where Postgres loses*). ## PostgreSQL documentation The PostgreSQL Global Development Group's manual, version 18 (`/docs/18/`) unless the entry says otherwise. It's the primary source for nearly every claim in the book, and the first place to look when a version changes. - [Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/contrib.html). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#further-reading). - [ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html). Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [ALTER TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html). Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading), [partitioning](/en/39-partitioning/#further-reading). - [amcheck](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/amcheck.html). Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading), [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [Architectural Fundamentals](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/tutorial-arch.html). Cited in [basics](/en/02-basics/#further-reading). - [Asynchronous Commit](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-async-commit.html). Cited in [WAL](/en/08-wal/#further-reading), [ACID](/en/09-acid/#further-reading). - [auto_explain](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/auto-explain.html). Cited in [EXPLAIN](/en/19-explain/#further-reading), [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [Backup and Restore](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/backup.html). Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [BRIN Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/brin.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [B-Tree Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/btree.html). Cited in [HOT](/en/07-hot/#further-reading), [B-tree](/en/17-btree/#further-reading). - [Collation Support](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/collation.html). Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading). - [Concurrency Control](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc.html). Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#further-reading). - [Concurrency Control: introduction](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc-intro.html). Cited in [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#further-reading). - [Constraints](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html). Cited in [relationships](/en/14-relationships/#further-reading). - [Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/continuous-archiving.html). Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [Controlling Text Search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/textsearch-controls.html). Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading), [limits](/en/41-limits/#search-postgres-ranks-without-corpus-statistics). - [COPY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-copy.html). Cited in [loading](/en/27-loading/#further-reading). - [CREATE FUNCTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createfunction.html). Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [CREATE INDEX (including CONCURRENTLY)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createindex.html). Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading). - [CREATE POLICY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createpolicy.html). Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [CREATE STATISTICS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createstatistics.html). Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading). - [CREATE TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createtable.html). Cited in [relationships](/en/14-relationships/#further-reading), [scale](/en/37-scale/#further-reading), [partitioning](/en/39-partitioning/#further-reading). - [CREATE TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createtrigger.html). Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [Database Page Layout](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-page-layout.html). Cited in [storage](/en/04-storage/#further-reading). - [Database Roles](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/user-manag.html). Cited in [basics](/en/02-basics/#further-reading). - [Data Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype.html). Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading). - [Date/Time Functions and Operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-datetime.html). Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#timestamps-always-timestamptz). - [EXPLAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-explain.html). Cited in [EXPLAIN](/en/19-explain/#further-reading). - [Explicit Locking](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/explicit-locking.html). Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading). - [Free Space Map](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-fsm.html). Cited in [storage](/en/04-storage/#further-reading). - [Full Text Search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/textsearch.html). Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading). - [Function Volatility Categories](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/xfunc-volatility.html). Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [GIN Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/gin.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [GiST Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/gist.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [Hash Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/hash-index.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-hot.html). Cited in [HOT](/en/07-hot/#further-reading). - [Hot Standby](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/hot-standby.html). Cited in [replication](/en/38-replication/#further-reading). - [How Connections Are Established](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/connect-estab.html). Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - [How the Planner Uses Statistics](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/planner-stats-details.html). Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading). - [Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes.html). Cited in [B-tree](/en/17-btree/#further-reading). - [Index Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes-types.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [INSERT (including ON CONFLICT)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-insert.html). Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading), [loading](/en/27-loading/#further-reading). - [JSON Functions and Operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-json.html). Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading). - [JSON Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-json.html). Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading), [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/jit.html). Cited in [plans](/en/21-plans/#further-reading). - [Large Objects: introduction](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/lo-intro.html). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#further-reading). - [Lexical Structure](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-syntax-lexical.html). Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#a-few-more-habits-dont-transfer). - [LIMIT and OFFSET](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-limit.html). Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading). - [Logical Decoding](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/logicaldecoding.html). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#further-reading). - [Logical Replication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/logical-replication.html). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#further-reading), [replication](/en/38-replication/#further-reading). - [Log-Shipping Standby Servers](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/warm-standby.html). Cited in [replication](/en/38-replication/#further-reading). - [ltree](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ltree.html). Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading). - [Managing Kernel Resources](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/kernel-resources.html). Cited in [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#further-reading). - [Materialized Views](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/rules-materializedviews.html). Cited in [scale](/en/37-scale/#further-reading). - [MERGE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-merge.html). Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading). - [NOTIFY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-notify.html). Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading). - [Operator Classes and Operator Families](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes-opclass.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [Packaging Related Objects into an Extension](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/extend-extensions.html). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#further-reading). - [pageinspect](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pageinspect.html). Cited in [storage](/en/04-storage/#further-reading). - [Parallel Query](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/parallel-query.html). Cited in [plans](/en/21-plans/#further-reading). - [Performance Tips](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/performance-tips.html). Cited in [playbook](/en/36-playbook/#further-reading). - [pg_basebackup](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgbasebackup.html). Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [pgbench](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgbench.html). Cited in [benchmarking](/en/29-benchmarking/#further-reading), [playbook](/en/36-playbook/#further-reading). - [pg_buffercache](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgbuffercache.html). Cited in [buffers](/en/05-buffers/#further-reading). - [pg_combinebackup](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgcombinebackup.html). Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [pg_dump](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgdump.html). Cited in [benchmarking](/en/29-benchmarking/#further-reading), [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#community-postgres-moves-cleanly). - [pg_prewarm](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgprewarm.html). Cited in [buffers](/en/05-buffers/#further-reading). - [pg_rewind](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgrewind.html). Cited in [replication](/en/38-replication/#further-reading). - [pg_stat_statements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgstatstatements.html). Cited in [benchmarking](/en/29-benchmarking/#further-reading), [observability](/en/31-observability/#further-reading), [playbook](/en/36-playbook/#further-reading), [scale](/en/37-scale/#further-reading). - [pgstattuple](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgstattuple.html). Cited in [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading). - [pg_test_fsync](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgtestfsync.html). Cited in [latency](/en/03-latency/#further-reading). - [pg_trgm](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgtrgm.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [pg_upgrade](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgupgrade.html). Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [Planner/Optimizer](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/planner-optimizer.html). Cited in [plans](/en/21-plans/#further-reading). - [PL/pgSQL: Transaction Management](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/plpgsql-transactions.html). Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [PL/pgSQL under the Hood](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/plpgsql-implementation.html). Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [Populating a Database](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/populate.html). Cited in [loading](/en/27-loading/#further-reading). - [postgres_fdw](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/postgres-fdw.html). Cited in [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#further-reading). - [PostgreSQL 18.6 release notes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18-6.html). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#contrib-is-the-safest-shelf-though-some-of-it-is-obsolete). - [PostgreSQL 18 documentation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/index.html). Cited in [preface](/en/01-preface/#further-reading). - [PostgreSQL 18 release notes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html). 2025. Cited in [preface](/en/01-preface/#further-reading), [B-tree](/en/17-btree/#further-reading). - [PostgreSQL 19 Beta 4 Released!](https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-19-beta-4-released-3386). 2026. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#basics-chapter-35). - [PostgreSQL Limits](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/limits.html). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#further-reading). - [Predefined Roles](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/predefined-roles.html). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#further-reading). - [PREPARE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-prepare.html). Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading). - [Privileges](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-priv.html). Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [Progress Reporting](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/progress-reporting.html). Cited in [observability](/en/31-observability/#further-reading). - [psql](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-psql.html). Cited in [preface](/en/01-preface/#further-reading), [basics](/en/02-basics/#further-reading). - [REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-refreshmaterializedview.html). Cited in [scale](/en/37-scale/#further-reading). - [REINDEX](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-reindex.html). Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#build-a-unique-index-concurrently-then-attach-it). - [Reliability](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-reliability.html). Cited in [latency](/en/03-latency/#further-reading), [ACID](/en/09-acid/#further-reading). - [REPACK (development version)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/sql-repack.html). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#rebuild-bloated-tables-without-locking-them). - [Routine Vacuuming](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/routine-vacuuming.html). Cited in [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#further-reading), [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading), [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading), [playbook](/en/36-playbook/#further-reading). - [Row Security Policies](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-rowsecurity.html). Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [Schemas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-schemas.html). Cited in [basics](/en/02-basics/#further-reading). - [Sequence Manipulation Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-sequence.html). Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#basics-13-gaps-the-import-that-collides-and-logical-replication). - [Serialization Failure Handling](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html). Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Client Connection Defaults](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-client.html). Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Connections and Authentication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-connection.html). Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Error Reporting and Logging](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-logging.html). Cited in [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Query Planning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-query.html). Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading), [playbook](/en/36-playbook/#further-reading), [partitioning](/en/39-partitioning/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Replication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-replication.html). Cited in [replication](/en/38-replication/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Resource Consumption](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-resource.html). Cited in [latency](/en/03-latency/#further-reading), [buffers](/en/05-buffers/#further-reading), [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Vacuuming](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-vacuum.html). Cited in [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading). - [Server Configuration: Write Ahead Log](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-wal.html). Cited in [WAL](/en/08-wal/#further-reading), [loading](/en/27-loading/#further-reading), [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#further-reading). - [Set Returning Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-srf.html). Cited in [preface](/en/01-preface/#further-reading). - [Setting Parameters](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/config-setting.html). Cited in [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#further-reading). - [Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-order.html). Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#integer-division-truncates-and-nulls-sort-last). - [SP-GiST Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/spgist.html). Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [Statistics Used by the Planner](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/planner-stats.html). Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading). - [Subquery Expressions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-subquery.html). Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading). - [Subtransactions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/subxacts.html). Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading). - [System Catalogs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/catalogs.html). Cited in [basics](/en/02-basics/#further-reading). - [Table Partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-partitioning.html). Cited in [scale](/en/37-scale/#further-reading), [partitioning](/en/39-partitioning/#further-reading). - [The Cumulative Statistics System](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/monitoring-stats.html). Cited in [observability](/en/31-observability/#further-reading), [playbook](/en/36-playbook/#further-reading), [scale](/en/37-scale/#further-reading). - [The pg_hba.conf File](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/auth-pg-hba-conf.html). Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [The SQL Language](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/tutorial-sql.html). Cited in [basics](/en/02-basics/#further-reading). - [TOAST](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-toast.html). Cited in [storage](/en/04-storage/#further-reading). - [Transaction Isolation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/transaction-iso.html). Cited in [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#further-reading), [ACID](/en/09-acid/#further-reading), [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading). - [Triggers](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/triggers.html). Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [TRUNCATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-truncate.html). Cited in [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#a-delete-only-stamps-the-row). - [User-Defined Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/xfunc.html). Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [Using EXPLAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/using-explain.html). Cited in [EXPLAIN](/en/19-explain/#further-reading). - [UUID Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-uuid.html). Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#further-reading). - [Versioning Policy](https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning). Cited in [preface](/en/01-preface/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#further-reading). - [Viewing Locks](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/monitoring-locks.html). Cited in [observability](/en/31-observability/#further-reading). - [Visibility Map](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-vm.html). Cited in [storage](/en/04-storage/#further-reading). - [WAL Configuration](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-configuration.html). Cited in [WAL](/en/08-wal/#further-reading). - [WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-with.html). Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading). - [Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-intro.html). Cited in [WAL](/en/08-wal/#further-reading). ## PostgreSQL source, commits, and wiki Once the manual has told you what, the READMEs tell you why, in the words of the people who built it. This section holds those design notes, two commits, and the community wiki, all from the PostgreSQL project. Source links point at the `master` branch, which moves. - [A Guide to CVE-2018-1058: Protect Your Search Path](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_CVE-2018-1058%3A_Protect_Your_Search_Path). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [BRIN access method (src/backend/access/brin/brin.c)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/brin/brin.c). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#a-thousandth-of-the-size-nearly-the-same-pages). - [BRIN design notes (src/backend/access/brin/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/brin/README). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [more indexes](/en/18-more-indexes/#further-reading). - [B-tree implementation (src/backend/access/nbtree/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/nbtree/README). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [B-tree](/en/17-btree/#further-reading). - [Buffer manager design notes (src/backend/storage/buffer/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/storage/buffer/README). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [buffers](/en/05-buffers/#further-reading). - [Count estimate](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Count_estimate). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading). - [Don't Do This](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Don%27t_Do_This). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading). - [Fsync Errors](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Fsync_Errors). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [ACID](/en/09-acid/#fsync-is-only-as-honest-as-the-drive). - [Heap-only tuples (src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [HOT](/en/07-hot/#further-reading). - [Hint Bits](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Hint_Bits). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#further-reading). - [Increase the number of fast-path lock slots (commit c4d5cb71d)](https://postgr.es/c/c4d5cb71d). Tomas Vondra, 2024. Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#lwlock-waits-are-fixed-in-the-workload-not-the-query). - [Inlining of SQL functions](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Inlining_of_SQL_functions). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [functions](/en/24-functions/#further-reading). - [Lazy vacuum (src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading). - [Locale data changes](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Locale_data_changes). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading). - [Lock manager design notes (src/backend/storage/lmgr/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/storage/lmgr/README). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading). - [Memory context design notes (src/backend/utils/mmgr/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/utils/mmgr/README). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [buffers](/en/05-buffers/#further-reading). - [Number Of Database Connections](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Number_Of_Database_Connections). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - [OptimizerHintsDiscussion](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/OptimizerHintsDiscussion). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading). - [Row locking and MultiXacts (src/backend/access/heap/README.tuplock)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/heap/README.tuplock). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#further-reading). - [Slow Counting](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Slow_Counting). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading). - [SSI](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/SSI). PostgreSQL wiki. Cited in [ACID](/en/09-acid/#further-reading). - [Transaction system and WAL (src/backend/access/transam/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/transam/README). PostgreSQL source. Cited in [WAL](/en/08-wal/#further-reading). - [Use ExtendBufferedRelBy() to extend tables more efficiently (commit 00d1e02be)](https://postgr.es/c/00d1e02be). Andres Freund, 2023. Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#lwlock-waits-are-fixed-in-the-workload-not-the-query). ## Papers The research behind the mechanisms: write-ahead recovery, isolation, B-link trees, cost-based planning, and the indexes behind vector and hybrid search. You don't need them to run Postgres. Read one when a chapter leaves you asking where a mechanism came from. - [A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/a-critique-of-ansi-sql-isolation-levels). Hal Berenson, Phil Bernstein, Jim Gray, Jim Melton, Elizabeth O'Neil, and Patrick O'Neil, SIGMOD, 1995. Cited in [ACID](/en/09-acid/#further-reading). - [A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory](https://www.bkent.net/Doc/simple5.htm). William Kent, Communications of the ACM, 1983. Cited in [relationships](/en/14-relationships/#further-reading). - [Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System](https://courses.cs.duke.edu/compsci516/cps216/spring03/papers/selinger-etal-1979.pdf). P. Griffiths Selinger, M. M. Astrahan, D. D. Chamberlin, R. A. Lorie, and T. G. Price, SIGMOD, 1979. Cited in [plans](/en/21-plans/#further-reading). - [ARIES: A Transaction Recovery Method Supporting Fine-Granularity Locking and Partial Rollbacks Using Write-Ahead Logging](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262/Aries.pdf). C. Mohan, Don Haderle, Bruce Lindsay, Hamid Pirahesh, and Peter Schwarz, ACM TODS, 1992. Cited in [WAL](/en/08-wal/#further-reading). - [Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using Hierarchical Navigable Small World graphs](https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.09320). Yu. A. Malkov and D. A. Yashunin, arXiv, 2016. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading). - [Efficient Locking for Concurrent Operations on B-Trees](https://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy460/pdf/p650-lehman.pdf). Philip L. Lehman and S. Bing Yao, ACM TODS, 1981. Cited in [B-tree](/en/17-btree/#further-reading). - [How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really?](https://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol9/p204-leis.pdf). Viktor Leis, Andrey Gubichev, Atanas Mirchev, Peter Boncz, Alfons Kemper, and Thomas Neumann, PVLDB, 2015. Cited in [planner](/en/20-planner/#further-reading), [plans](/en/21-plans/#further-reading). - [Reciprocal Rank Fusion outperforms Condorcet and individual Rank Learning Methods](https://cormack.uwaterloo.ca/cormacksigir09-rrf.pdf). Gordon V. Cormack, Charles L. A. Clarke, and Stefan Büttcher, SIGIR, 2009. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading). - [Serializable Snapshot Isolation in PostgreSQL](https://vldb.org/pvldb/vol5/p1850_danrkports_vldb2012.pdf). Dan R. K. Ports and Kevin Grittner, PVLDB, 2012. Cited in [ACID](/en/09-acid/#further-reading). - [What Goes Around Comes Around... And Around...](https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2024/whatgoesaround-sigmodrec2024.pdf). Michael Stonebraker and Andrew Pavlo, SIGMOD Record, 2024. Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading), [limits](/en/41-limits/#further-reading). ## Books Two long-form explanations, both free to read online. They're the best companions to the storage, MVCC, and B-tree chapters when you want the same ideas drawn another way. - **The Internals of PostgreSQL**. Hironobu Suzuki, 2015 to present. [Heap Table Structure](https://www.interdb.jp/pg/pgsql01/03.html), [Concurrency Control](https://www.interdb.jp/pg/pgsql05.html). Cited in [storage](/en/04-storage/#further-reading), [MVCC](/en/06-mvcc/#further-reading). - [Use The Index, Luke: Anatomy of an SQL Index](https://use-the-index-luke.com/sql/anatomy). Markus Winand. Cited in [B-tree](/en/17-btree/#further-reading). ## Specifications and RFCs The standards behind the book's advice on identifiers and access control. - [Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Insecure_Direct_Object_Reference_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html). OWASP. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#further-reading). - [RFC 9562: Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs)](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562). K. Davis, B. Peabody, and P. Leach, IETF, 2024. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#further-reading). - [TypeID specification](https://github.com/jetify-com/typeid). Jetify. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#further-reading). - [ULID specification](https://github.com/ulid/spec). ulid project. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#a-ulid-fits-a-uuid-column-byte-for-byte). ## Vendor and project documentation Vendor pages change often, so check the page again before you rely on a price, a limit, or a version. The chapters date the facts they quote, mostly as of October 2026. Entries are grouped by source, with each cited page linked. - [About Pool Sizing](https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP/wiki/About-Pool-Sizing). Brett Wooldridge, HikariCP wiki. Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - **Aiven for PostgreSQL documentation**. Aiven. [Aiven service and tool version lifecycle](https://aiven.io/docs/platform/reference/eol-for-major-versions), [High availability](https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/concepts/high-availability), [Aiven for PostgreSQL backups](https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/concepts/pg-backups), [Pricing](https://aiven.io/pricing/postgresql). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - **AlloyDB for PostgreSQL documentation**. Google Cloud. [Manage PostgreSQL users with built-in authentication](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/database-users/about), [Supported database extensions](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/reference/extensions), [Improve query performance using query insights](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/using-query-insights), [AlloyDB high availability overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/high-availability), [Pricing](https://cloud.google.com/alloydb/pricing), [AlloyDB overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/overview), [About the AlloyDB columnar engine](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/columnar-engine/about), [Database version policies](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/db-version-policies), [Data backup and recovery overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/backup/overview), [AlloyDB Omni overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/omni/docs/overview), [Export a DMP file](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/export-dmp-file). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser), [providers](/en/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity). - **Amazon Aurora User Guide and Aurora PostgreSQL release notes**. AWS. [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL parameters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.Reference.ParameterGroups.html), [Extensions supported](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraPostgreSQLReleaseNotes/AuroraPostgreSQL.Extensions.html), [Amazon Aurora storage](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Aurora.Overview.StorageReliability.html), [Replication with Amazon Aurora](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Aurora.Replication.html), [High availability for Amazon Aurora](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Concepts.AuroraHighAvailability.html), [Amazon Aurora DB clusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Aurora.Overview.html), [Release calendars](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraPostgreSQLReleaseNotes/aurorapostgresql-release-calendar.html), [Using Amazon Aurora Global Database](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-global-database.html), [How Aurora serverless works](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-serverless-v2.how-it-works.html), [Scaling to Zero ACUs with automatic pause and resume](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-serverless-v2-auto-pause.html), [Overview of PostgreSQL logical replication](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.Replication.Logical.html), [Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database requirements and considerations](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/limitless-reqs-limits.html), [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database updates](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraPostgreSQLReleaseNotes/limitless-updates.html), [Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database architecture](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/limitless-architecture.html). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#per-role-settings-are-the-portable-tool), [providers](/en/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity), [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#managed-sharding-costs-you-features-and-an-easy-exit). - **Amazon EBS, EC2, S3, and Aurora DSQL documentation**. AWS. [Amazon EBS volume types](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-volume-types.html), [Amazon EBS General Purpose SSD volumes](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/general-purpose.html), [Amazon EBS-optimized instance types](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-optimized.html), [Specifications for Amazon EC2 storage optimized instances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ec2/latest/instancetypes/so.html), [Data persistence for Amazon EC2 instance store volumes](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-store-lifetime.html), [Migrating from PostgreSQL to Aurora DSQL](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/aurora-dsql/latest/userguide/working-with-postgresql-compatibility-migration-guide.html), [Uploading objects](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/upload-objects.html). Cited in [latency](/en/03-latency/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#further-reading), [limits](/en/41-limits/#blobs-bytes-belong-in-object-storage). - **Amazon RDS User Guide and RDS for PostgreSQL release notes**. AWS. [Understanding the rds_superuser role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Appendix.PostgreSQL.CommonDBATasks.Roles.rds_superuser.html), [Overview of parameter groups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/parameter-groups-overview.html), [Extension versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/PostgreSQLReleaseNotes/postgresql-extensions.html), [Supported PostgreSQL extension versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Concepts.General.FeatureSupport.Extensions.html), [Amazon RDS DB instance storage](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/CHAP_Storage.html), [Amazon CloudWatch metrics](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/rds-metrics.html), [IO:DataFileRead](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/wait-event.iodatafileread.html), [Database load](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_PerfInsights.Overview.ActiveSessions.html), [Avoiding pinning an RDS Proxy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/rds-proxy-pinning.html), [Backup retention period](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_WorkingWithAutomatedBackups.BackupRetention.html), [Restoring a DB instance to a specified time](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_PIT.html), [Introduction to backups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_WorkingWithAutomatedBackups.html), [Restoring to a DB instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RestoreFromSnapshot.html), [Upgrades of the RDS for PostgreSQL DB engine](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_UpgradeDBInstance.PostgreSQL.html), [PostgreSQL replication methods for blue/green deployments](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/blue-green-deployments-replication-type.html), [Limitations and considerations blue/green deployments](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/blue-green-deployments-considerations.html), [Failing over a Multi-AZ DB instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Concepts.MultiAZ.Failover.html), [Failing over a Multi-AZ DB cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/multi-az-db-clusters-concepts-failover.html), [Parameters for logging in RDS for PostgreSQL](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_LogAccess.Concepts.PostgreSQL.overview.parameter-groups.html), [Improving query performance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_PostgreSQL.optimizedreads.html), [Release calendars](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/PostgreSQLReleaseNotes/postgresql-release-calendar.html), [Working with the Database Preview environment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/working-with-the-database-preview-environment.html), [Multi-AZ DB cluster deployments](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/multi-az-db-clusters-concepts.html), [Importing data into PostgreSQL on Amazon RDS](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Procedural.Importing.html), [Amazon RDS Extended Support](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/extended-support.html). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity). - **Apache AGE**. Apache Software Foundation. [Repository](https://github.com/apache/age), [Board meeting minutes](https://whimsy.apache.org/board/minutes/AGE.html). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#apache-age-is-a-nicer-language-for-the-same-joins). - **Apache Kafka documentation**. Apache Software Foundation. [Introduction](https://kafka.apache.org/intro), [Topic Configs](https://kafka.apache.org/41/configuration/topic-configs). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#streams-a-table-is-not-a-log). - **AWS pricing and announcements**. AWS. [Amazon RDS pricing](https://aws.amazon.com/rds/pricing), [Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL pricing](https://aws.amazon.com/rds/postgresql/pricing), [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database is now generally available (2024)](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2024/10/amazon-aurora-postgresql-limitless-database-generally-available). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#the-bill-has-its-own-failure-modes), [providers](/en/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity), [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#managed-sharding-costs-you-features-and-an-easy-exit). - **Azure Database for PostgreSQL and Azure HorizonDB documentation**. Microsoft. [Access Management](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/security/security-access-control), [Load Libraries](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/extensions/how-to-load-libraries), [List of Extensions and Modules by Name](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/extensions/concepts-extensions-versions), [Allow Extensions](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/extensions/how-to-allow-extensions), [Storage options](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/compute-storage/concepts-storage), [Monitor Using Metrics and Logs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/monitor/concepts-monitoring), [Query Store](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/monitor/concepts-query-store), [PgBouncer](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/connectivity/concepts-pgbouncer), [Backup and Restore](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/backup-restore/concepts-backup-restore), [Major Version Upgrades](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/configure-maintain/concepts-major-version-upgrade), [High Availability](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/high-availability/concepts-high-availability), [What is Azure Database for PostgreSQL?](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/overview), [Compute Options](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/compute-storage/concepts-compute), [Supported versions of PostgreSQL](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/configure-maintain/concepts-supported-versions), [Read replicas](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/read-replica/concepts-read-replicas), [Elastic Clusters](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/elastic-clusters/concepts-elastic-clusters), [Extended Support](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/configure-maintain/extended-support), [Pricing](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/postgresql/flexible-server), [What Is Azure HorizonDB?](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/horizondb/overview). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser), [providers](/en/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity). - [Barman](https://pgbarman.org). Barman project. Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager). - **Citus**. Citus Data. [Repository](https://github.com/citusdata/citus), [Columnar storage](https://github.com/citusdata/citus/tree/main/src/backend/columnar). Cited in [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#further-reading), [limits](/en/41-limits/#rollups-and-a-column-extension-close-much-of-the-gap). - **ClickHouse documentation**. ClickHouse. [CREATE TABLE](https://clickhouse.com/docs/sql-reference/statements/create/table), [A practical introduction to primary indexes](https://clickhouse.com/docs/guides/best-practices/sparse-primary-indexes), [Transactional (ACID) support](https://clickhouse.com/docs/guides/developer/transactional), [Using JOINs](https://clickhouse.com/docs/guides/joining-tables). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#column-stores-were-about-ten-times-faster-and-still-faster-on-one-core). - **Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL documentation**. Google Cloud. [About PostgreSQL users and roles](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/users), [Configure database flags](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/flags), [Configure PostgreSQL extensions](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/extensions), [Choose a storage option](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/storage-options-overview), [Use query insights to improve query performance](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/using-query-insights), [Managed Connection Pooling overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/managed-connection-pooling), [Perform point-in-time recovery (PITR)](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/backup-recovery/pitr), [Cloud SQL backups overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/backup-recovery/backups), [Upgrade the database major version in-place](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/upgrade-major-db-version-inplace), [About high availability](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/high-availability), [Cloud SQL overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/introduction), [Database versions and version policies](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/db-versions), [Cloud SQL editions overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/editions-intro), [Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL features](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/features), [Extended support for Cloud SQL](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/extended-support), [Pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser), [providers](/en/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity). - **CockroachDB documentation**. Cockroach Labs. [PostgreSQL Compatibility](https://docs.cockroachlabs.com/docs/stable/postgresql-compatibility), [Replication Layer](https://docs.cockroachlabs.com/docs/stable/architecture/replication-layer). Cited in [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#further-reading), [limits](/en/41-limits/#global-writes-every-commit-pays-the-round-trip). - **Compute Engine and Spanner documentation**. Google Cloud. [About Local SSD disks](https://docs.cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/local-ssd), [Spanner: TrueTime and external consistency](https://docs.cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/true-time-external-consistency). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#local-nvme-fast-and-gone-with-the-host), [limits](/en/41-limits/#global-writes-every-commit-pays-the-round-trip). - **Crunchy Bridge documentation**. Crunchy Data. [PostgreSQL versions](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/postgres-versions), [User management](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/users), [High availability](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/high-availability), [Plans and pricing](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/plans-pricing). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Debezium connector for PostgreSQL](https://debezium.io/documentation/reference/stable/connectors/postgresql.html). Debezium project. Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#further-reading). - **DigitalOcean Managed PostgreSQL documentation**. DigitalOcean. [PostgreSQL Limits](https://docs.digitalocean.com/products/databases/postgresql/details/limits), [PostgreSQL Features](https://docs.digitalocean.com/products/databases/postgresql/details/features). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - **DuckDB documentation**. DuckDB. [Storage Versions and Format](https://duckdb.org/docs/current/internals/storage.html), [Concurrency](https://duckdb.org/docs/current/connect/concurrency.html). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#column-stores-were-about-ten-times-faster-and-still-faster-on-one-core). - **EDB documentation**. EnterpriseDB. [EDB Postgres AI Cloud Service](https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/edb-postgres-ai/cloud-service), [Enterprise Postgres (Oracle Compatible) v18](https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/epas/latest), [Pricing and billing](https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/edb-postgres-ai/cloud-service/references/pricing_and_billing). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [explain.dalibo.com](https://explain.dalibo.com). Dalibo. Cited in [EXPLAIN](/en/19-explain/#further-reading). - [explain.depesz.com](https://explain.depesz.com). Hubert Lubaczewski. Cited in [EXPLAIN](/en/19-explain/#further-reading). - **Fly.io Postgres documentation**. Fly.io. [Managed Postgres](https://docs.fly.io/postgres), [Unmanaged Postgres](https://docs.fly.io/unmanaged-postgres/index.md). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Hermitage](https://github.com/ept/hermitage). Martin Kleppmann and contributors. Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#further-reading). - **Heroku Dev Center: Heroku Postgres**. Heroku. [Choosing the Right Heroku Postgres Plan](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-plans), [Heroku Postgres Advanced (Limited GA)](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-advanced), [Heroku Postgres Version Support](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-version-support), [Heroku Postgres Credentials](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgresql-credentials), [High Availability](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-ha). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - **HypoPG**. HypoPG project. [Repository](https://github.com/HypoPG/hypopg), [Documentation](https://hypopg.readthedocs.io). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#ask-the-planner-hypothetical-questions). - [KSUID](https://github.com/segmentio/ksuid). Segment. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#a-ksuid-is-too-wide-for-uuid). - **Kubernetes operators for PostgreSQL**. [CloudNativePG](https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg), [CloudNativePG at the CNCF](https://www.cncf.io/projects/cloudnativepg), [Crunchy Postgres for Kubernetes](https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator), [Zalando postgres-operator](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator), [StackGres](https://stackgres.io), [Percona Operator for PostgreSQL](https://github.com/percona/percona-postgresql-operator). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager). - [Lead](https://github.com/planetscale/lead). PlanetScale. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#search-extensions-put-bm25-in-the-index). - **Linux kernel documentation**. Linux kernel. [Control Group v2](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html), [Documentation for /proc/sys/vm](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html). Cited in [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#decide-the-os-settings-once-per-machine-type). - **MySQL 8.4 Reference Manual**. Oracle. [Clustered and Secondary Indexes](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/innodb-index-types.html), [InnoDB Multi-Versioning](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/innodb-multi-versioning.html), [Transaction Isolation Levels](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/innodb-transaction-isolation-levels.html). Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#further-reading). - [NanoID](https://github.com/ai/nanoid). Andrey Sitnik. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#a-nanoids-length-is-its-collision-budget). - **Neon documentation**. Neon. [Manage roles](https://neon.com/docs/manage/roles), [Postgres extensions](https://neon.com/docs/extensions/pg-extensions), [The lakebase architecture](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/architecture-overview), [Scale to Zero](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/scale-to-zero), [Connection pooling](https://neon.com/docs/connect/connection-pooling), [Postgres version support](https://neon.com/docs/postgresql/postgres-version-policy), [Branching](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/branching), [Logical replication](https://neon.com/docs/guides/logical-replication-neon), [Neon plans](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/plans). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser), [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - **Nile documentation**. Nile. [Architecture of Nile Postgres](https://www.thenile.dev/docs/getting-started/architecture), [Postgres Compatibility](https://www.thenile.dev/docs/postgres/postgres-compatibility). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - [ParadeDB architecture](https://www.paradedb.com/docs/concepts/architecture). ParadeDB. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading). - [Patroni](https://github.com/patroni/patroni). Patroni project. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager), [replication](/en/38-replication/#further-reading). - [pgAudit](https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit). pgAudit project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#pgaudit-logs-who-did-what-at-the-cost-of-log-volume), [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - **pgBackRest**. pgBackRest project. [Home](https://pgbackrest.org), [User Guide](https://pgbackrest.org/user-guide.html), [News](https://pgbackrest.org/news.html). Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager). - **PgBouncer documentation**. PgBouncer project. [Features](https://www.pgbouncer.org/features.html), [Configuration](https://www.pgbouncer.org/config.html), [Changelog](https://www.pgbouncer.org/changelog.html). Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - [pg_cron](https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron). Citus Data. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#pg_cron-and-pg_partman-keep-time-on-your-side). - [PgDog](https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog). PgDog project. Cited in [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#further-reading). - [pg_duckdb](https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb). DuckDB project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#run-an-analytics-engine-on-a-replica-never-the-primary), [limits](/en/41-limits/#further-reading). - [pg_hint_plan](https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan). NTT OSS Center. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#ask-the-planner-hypothetical-questions), [plans](/en/21-plans/#further-reading). - [pg_lake](https://github.com/Snowflake-Labs/pg_lake). Snowflake Labs. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#run-an-analytics-engine-on-a-replica-never-the-primary). - [pg_mooncake](https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake). Mooncake Labs. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#run-an-analytics-engine-on-a-replica-never-the-primary). - [pgmq](https://github.com/pgmq/pgmq). pgmq project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#pgmq-is-still-a-postgres-table). - [pg_partman](https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman). pg_partman project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#pg_cron-and-pg_partman-keep-time-on-your-side), [partitioning](/en/39-partitioning/#further-reading). - **pg_repack**. reorg project. [Repository](https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack), [Documentation](https://reorg.github.io/pg_repack). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#rebuild-bloated-tables-without-locking-them). - [pgroll](https://github.com/xataio/pgroll). Xata. Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading). - [PGroonga](https://pgroonga.github.io). PGroonga project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#pgroonga-searches-text-the-built-in-parser-cant-split). - [pg_search](https://github.com/paradedb/paradedb). ParadeDB. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#search-extensions-put-bm25-in-the-index). - [pg_squeeze](https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_squeeze). CYBERTEC. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#rebuild-bloated-tables-without-locking-them). - [pg_textsearch](https://github.com/timescale/pg_textsearch). Tiger Data. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading). - [pgvector](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector). pgvector project. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading), [limits](/en/41-limits/#vectors-an-indexed-column-tops-out-at-2000-dimensions). - [pg_wait_sampling](https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling). Postgres Professional. Cited in [observability](/en/31-observability/#further-reading). - **PlanetScale documentation, benchmarks, and pricing**. PlanetScale. [PlanetScale benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks), [PlanetScale vs Amazon Aurora benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks/aurora), [PlanetScale vs Neon / Lakebase benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks/neon-lakebase), [PlanetScale Postgres architecture](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/postgres-architecture), [PlanetScale vs Xata benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks/xata), [Supported versions](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/cluster-configuration/versions), [Logical replication and Change Data Capture (CDC)](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/integrations/logical-cdc), [Point-in-time recovery](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/backups/point-in-time-recovery), [Horizontal sharding for Postgres](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/sharding), [Pricing](https://planetscale.com/pricing), [Query planning](https://planetscale.com/docs/neki/query-planning). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#the-best-known-benchmark-tested-storage-at-fifteen-times-ram), [sharding](/en/40-sharding/#further-reading). - [PLJS](https://github.com/plv8/pljs). plv8 project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#untrusted-languages-need-a-superuser). - [PL/v8](https://github.com/plv8/plv8). plv8 project. Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#untrusted-languages-need-a-superuser). - **PostGIS**. PostGIS project. [Home](https://postgis.net), [Spatial Queries](https://postgis.net/docs/using_postgis_query.html), [PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade](https://postgis.net/docs/PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade.html), [License](https://github.com/postgis/postgis/blob/master/LICENSE.TXT). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#postgis-is-why-many-teams-run-postgres-at-all). - [PostgreSQL Anonymizer](https://postgresql-anonymizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable). PostgreSQL Anonymizer project. Cited in [benchmarking](/en/29-benchmarking/#copy-production-without-copying-people). - [Prisma Postgres FAQ](https://www.prisma.io/docs/postgres/faq). Prisma. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - **Railway documentation**. Railway. [Databases](https://docs.railway.com/databases), [Upgrading PostgreSQL to High Availability](https://docs.railway.com/databases/postgresql-ha), [Backups](https://docs.railway.com/volumes/backups). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - **Render documentation**. Render. [Upgrading Your Render Postgres Version](https://render.com/docs/postgresql-upgrading), [High Availability](https://render.com/docs/postgresql-high-availability), [Render Postgres Recovery and Backups](https://render.com/docs/postgresql-backups), [Deploy for Free](https://render.com/docs/free). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Similarity settings](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/elasticsearch/index-settings/similarity). Elastic. Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#search-postgres-ranks-without-corpus-statistics). - [Snowflake (2010 release)](https://github.com/twitter-archive/snowflake/tree/snowflake-2010). Twitter. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#a-snowflake-id-needs-a-unique-machine-id-per-writer). - **Snowflake Postgres documentation**. Snowflake. [Snowflake Postgres](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-postgres/about), [Snowflake Postgres Roles](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-postgres/postgres-roles). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Sqids](https://sqids.org). Sqids project. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#sqids-and-hashids-decode-back-to-the-counter). - [Squawk](https://squawkhq.com). Squawk project. Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading). - [strong_migrations](https://github.com/ankane/strong_migrations). Andrew Kane. Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading). - **Supabase documentation**. Supabase. [Postgres Roles](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/roles), [Postgres Extensions Overview](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/extensions), [Compute and Disk](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/platform/compute-and-disk), [Connect to your database](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/connecting-to-postgres), [Architecture](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/architecture), [Upgrading](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/platform/upgrading), [Replicate to another Postgres database using Logical Replication](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/setup-replication-external), [Branching](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/deployment/branching), [OrioleDB Overview](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/orioledb), [Pricing](https://supabase.com/pricing). Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser), [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - [sysbench-tpcc](https://github.com/Percona-Lab/sysbench-tpcc). Percona. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#further-reading). - **Tiger Data documentation**. Tiger Data. [Maintenance and upgrades](https://www.tigerdata.com/docs/deploy/tiger-cloud/tiger-cloud-aws/upgrades), [Manage data security in your service](https://www.tigerdata.com/docs/deploy/tiger-cloud/tiger-cloud-aws/security/read-only-role), [Pricing](https://www.tigerdata.com/pricing). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - **TimescaleDB**. Tiger Data. [Repository](https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb), [Apache 2.0 license](https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb/blob/main/LICENSE), [Timescale License](https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb/blob/main/tsl/LICENSE-TIMESCALE), [Compare TimescaleDB editions](https://www.tigerdata.com/docs/about/latest/timescaledb-editions). Cited in [extensions](/en/16-extensions/#timescaledb-is-partitioning-with-opinions). - **Valkey documentation**. Valkey project. [Introduction](https://valkey.io/topics/introduction), [Persistence](https://valkey.io/topics/persistence). Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#caching-a-database-is-not-a-cache). - [VectorChord-bm25](https://github.com/supervc-stack/VectorChord-bm25). VectorChord project. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#search-extensions-put-bm25-in-the-index). - [Volumes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes). Kubernetes. Cited in [configuration](/en/30-configuration/#decide-the-os-settings-once-per-machine-type). - [WAL-G](https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g). WAL-G project. Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading), [providers](/en/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager). - [wrk2](https://github.com/giltene/wrk2). Gil Tene. Cited in [benchmarking](/en/29-benchmarking/#further-reading). - **Xata documentation and pricing**. Xata. [Branching](https://xata.io/docs/core-concepts/branching), [Extensions](https://xata.io/docs/platform/extensions), [Pricing](https://xata.io/pricing). Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - [YugabyteDB Query Layer](https://docs.yugabyte.com/stable/architecture/query-layer). Yugabyte. Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#global-writes-every-commit-pays-the-round-trip). ## Reference works - [German tank problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_tank_problem). Wikipedia, n.d. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#five-ids-give-away-your-total). ## Articles, talks, and postmortems Engineering posts, talks, announcements, and incident write-ups, by author or publisher. Read the postmortems first: other teams' outages, told by the people who had them, are cheaper than your own. - [Abusing SECURITY DEFINER functions](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/abusing-security-definer-functions). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2019. Cited in [security](/en/33-security/#further-reading). - [AlloyDB for PostgreSQL intelligent scalable storage](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/alloydb-for-postgresql-intelligent-scalable-storage). Google Cloud blog, 2022. Cited in [managed](/en/34-managed/#disaggregated-storage-changes-some-rules). - [An Update on Heroku](https://www.heroku.com/blog/an-update-on-heroku). Heroku, 2026. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Analyzing the Limits of Connection Scalability in Postgres](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/adforpostgresql/analyzing-the-limits-of-connection-scalability-in-postgres/1757266). Andres Freund, Microsoft, 2020. Cited in [connections](/en/28-connections/#further-reading). - [Benchmarking Postgres](https://planetscale.com/blog/benchmarking-postgres). Ben Dicken, PlanetScale, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#further-reading). - [Case-insensitive pattern matching in PostgreSQL](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/case-insensitive-pattern-matching-in-postgresql). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2022. Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading). - [Databricks Agrees to Acquire Neon to Deliver Serverless Postgres for Developers + AI Agents](https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-agrees-acquire-neon-help-developers-deliver-ai-systems). Databricks, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day). - [Designing APIs for humans: Object IDs](https://dev.to/stripe/designing-apis-for-humans-object-ids-3o5a). Paul Asjes, Stripe, 2022. Cited in [keys](/en/13-keys/#a-prefix-makes-an-id-say-what-it-is). - [HOT updates in PostgreSQL for better performance](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/hot-updates-in-postgresql-for-better-performance). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2020. Cited in [HOT](/en/07-hot/#further-reading). - [How NOT to Measure Latency](https://www.infoq.com/presentations/latency-response-time). Gil Tene, QCon San Francisco, 2015. Cited in [benchmarking](/en/29-benchmarking/#further-reading). - [How To Correct and Identify Indexes Affected by the GNU C 2.28 Update](https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/glibc-collations-and-data-corruption). David Thomas, Crunchy Data, 2019. Cited in [types](/en/12-types/#further-reading). - [Introducing TIN: full-text search for Postgres](https://planetscale.com/blog/introducing-tin). PlanetScale, 2026. Cited in [search](/en/23-search/#further-reading). - [Meet the Team Behind Snowflake Postgres](https://www.snowflake.com/en/blog/engineering/meet-the-team-behind-snowflake-postgres). Elizabeth Garrett Christensen, Snowflake, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Numbers Every Programmer Should Know By Year](https://colin-scott.github.io/personal_website/research/interactive_latency.html). Colin Scott, n.d. Cited in [latency](/en/03-latency/#further-reading). - [On Uber's Choice of Databases](https://use-the-index-luke.com/blog/2016-07-29/on-ubers-choice-of-databases). Markus Winand, 2016. Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#uber-hit-this-asymmetry-and-both-sides-were-right). - [PlanetScale for Postgres is now GA](https://planetscale.com/blog/planetscale-for-postgres-is-generally-available). PlanetScale, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY does not scale](https://www.recall.ai/blog/postgres-listen-notify-does-not-scale). Recall.ai, 2025. Cited in [models](/en/15-models/#further-reading). - [Postmortem of database outage of January 31](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/postmortem-of-database-outage-of-january-31). GitLab, 2017. Cited in [backups](/en/32-backups/#further-reading). - [Quack: The DuckDB Client-Server Protocol](https://duckdb.org/2026/05/12/quack-remote-protocol.html). DuckDB, 2026. Cited in [limits](/en/41-limits/#column-stores-give-up-what-an-application-database-is-for). - [Reaction to the PlanetScale PostgreSQL benchmarks](https://xata.io/blog/reaction-to-the-planetscale-postgresql-benchmarks). Xata, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#further-reading). - [Separation of storage and compute without a performance tradeoff](https://neon.com/blog/separation-of-storage-and-compute-perf). Neon, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#log-structured-storage-ship-wal-not-pages). - [Snowflake Acquires Crunchy Data to Bring Enterprise Ready Postgres Offering to the AI Data Cloud](https://www.snowflake.com/en/news/press-releases/snowflake-acquires-crunchy-data-to-bring-enterprise-ready-postgres-offering-to-the-ai-data-cloud). Snowflake, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [Speed Without Sacrifice: Building the Modern PostgreSQL for the Analytical and Agentic Era](https://www.tigerdata.com/blog/timescale-becomes-tigerdata). Ajay Kulkarni and Mike Freedman, Tiger Data, 2025. Cited in [providers](/en/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions). - [The Part of PostgreSQL We Hate the Most](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pavlo/blog/2023/04/the-part-of-postgresql-we-hate-the-most.html). Andy Pavlo and Bohan Zhang, 2023. Cited in [HOT](/en/07-hot/#further-reading). - [The USE Method](https://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html). Brendan Gregg, n.d. Cited in [observability](/en/31-observability/#further-reading). - [Thoughts on Uber's List of Postgres Limitations](https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/thoughts-ubers-list-postgres-limitations). Simon Riggs, EDB, 2016. Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#uber-hit-this-asymmetry-and-both-sides-were-right). - [Transaction ID Wraparound in Postgres](https://blog.sentry.io/transaction-id-wraparound-in-postgres). Sentry, 2015. Cited in [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading). - [Uber's move away from PostgreSQL](https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2016/08/ubers-move-away-from-postgresql.html). Robert Haas, 2016. Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#uber-hit-this-asymmetry-and-both-sides-were-right). - [VACUUM won't remove dead rows: 4 reasons why](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/reasons-why-vacuum-wont-remove-dead-rows). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2018. Cited in [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading). - [We need tool support for keyset pagination](https://use-the-index-luke.com/no-offset). Markus Winand, 2014. Cited in [queries](/en/22-queries/#further-reading). - [What We Learned from the Recent Mandrill Outage](https://mailchimp.com/what-we-learned-from-the-recent-mandrill-outage). Mailchimp, 2019. Cited in [vacuum](/en/10-vacuum/#further-reading). - [Why Uber Engineering Switched from Postgres to MySQL](https://www.uber.com/us/en/blog/postgres-to-mysql-migration). Evan Klitzke, Uber, 2016. Cited in [not MySQL](/en/11-not-mysql/#further-reading). - [Why we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/why-we-spent-the-last-month-eliminating-postgresql-subtransactions). GitLab, 2021. Cited in [concurrency](/en/25-concurrency/#further-reading). - [Zero-downtime Postgres migrations: the hard parts](https://gocardless.com/blog/zero-downtime-postgres-migrations-the-hard-parts). Chris Sinjakli, GoCardless, n.d. Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading). - [Zero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need this: lock_timeout and retries](https://postgres.ai/blog/20210923-zero-downtime-postgres-schema-migrations-lock-timeout-and-retries). Nikolay Samokhvalov, PostgresAI, 2021. Cited in [migrations](/en/26-migrations/#further-reading).