# 参考文献 > 汇集本书引用的全部来源，按类别分组，并列出引用它们的章节。 --- LLMS 索引： [llms.txt](/llms.txt) --- 各章在“延伸阅读”或正文中引用的所有来源，都在这里列出一次，让你不必四处寻找，就能找到每项论述背后的原始资料。先从手册读起。想知道某种机制为什么这样设计时，再读源码说明和论文。把服务商页面视为某一时刻的快照。 每个条目列出标题、作者或出版者、适用时的年份，以及引用它的章节。各章的“延伸阅读”说明某项资料适合用来了解什么；本页说明它在哪里被引用。持续更新的文档不标年份，因此各章会注明核查服务商相关事实的时间。 引用章节时使用简称：序言（*开始之前*）；基本概念（*先认识这些基本概念*）；延迟（*时间都花在哪里*）；存储（*一切都从页说起*）；缓冲区（*缓冲区缓存决定哪些页留下*）；MVCC（*更新就是插入*）；HOT（*让更新保持 HOT*）；WAL（*先记日志，再写数据*）；ACID（*如实看待 ACID*）；清理（*清理不可省*）；不是 MySQL（*Postgres 不是 MySQL*）；类型（*类型是一份契约*）；键（*慎选键，少后悔*）；关系（*有目的地选择约束*）；数据模型（*你还不需要另一个数据库*）；扩展（*值得了解的扩展*）；B-树（*B-树挑起大梁*）；更多索引（*B-树之外*）；EXPLAIN（*读计划，不看时钟*）；规划器（*规划器也在估算*）；执行计划（*代价最低的计划胜出*）；查询（*经得住数据增长的查询*）；搜索（*不用搜索引擎，也能搜索*）；函数（*数据库中的代码*）；并发（*大家都得排队*）；模式变更（*变更模式，服务照常*）；数据加载（*快速加载数据*）；连接（*连接并非免费*）；基准测试（*如实测量*）；配置（*真正重要的配置*）；可观测性（*观察数据库运行*）；备份（*未经验证的备份只是传闻*）；安全（*不要信任任何租户*）；托管数据库（*别人来运行这台机器*）；服务商（*选择一个你能离开的服务商*）；调优指南（*先优化工作，再升级机器*）；扩容（*先纵向扩容，再横向扩展*）；复制（*权威数据的副本*）；分区（*为删除而分区*）；分片（*最后再考虑分片*）；局限（*PostgreSQL 输在哪里*）。 ## PostgreSQL 文档 {#postgresql-documentation} PostgreSQL Global Development Group 编写的手册，除非条目另有说明，均指第 18 版（`/docs/18/`）。它是本书几乎所有论述的一手来源，版本变化时也应首先查阅这里。 - [Additional Supplied Modules and Extensions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/contrib.html)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#further-reading)。 - [ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html)。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [ALTER TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-altertable.html)。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)、[分区](/39-partitioning/#further-reading)。 - [amcheck](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/amcheck.html)。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)、[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [Architectural Fundamentals](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/tutorial-arch.html)。引用章节：[基本概念](/02-basics/#further-reading)。 - [Asynchronous Commit](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-async-commit.html)。引用章节：[WAL](/08-wal/#further-reading)、[ACID](/09-acid/#further-reading)。 - [auto_explain](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/auto-explain.html)。引用章节：[EXPLAIN](/19-explain/#further-reading)、[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [Backup and Restore](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/backup.html)。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [BRIN Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/brin.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [B-Tree Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/btree.html)。引用章节：[HOT](/07-hot/#further-reading)、[B-树](/17-btree/#further-reading)。 - [Collation Support](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/collation.html)。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)。 - [Concurrency Control](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc.html)。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#further-reading)。 - [Concurrency Control: introduction](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc-intro.html)。引用章节：[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#further-reading)。 - [Constraints](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html)。引用章节：[关系](/14-relationships/#further-reading)。 - [Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/continuous-archiving.html)。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [Controlling Text Search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/textsearch-controls.html)。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)、[局限](/41-limits/#search-postgres-ranks-without-corpus-statistics)。 - [COPY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-copy.html)。引用章节：[数据加载](/27-loading/#further-reading)。 - [CREATE FUNCTION](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createfunction.html)。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [CREATE INDEX (including CONCURRENTLY)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createindex.html)。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)。 - [CREATE POLICY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createpolicy.html)。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [CREATE STATISTICS](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createstatistics.html)。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)。 - [CREATE TABLE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createtable.html)。引用章节：[关系](/14-relationships/#further-reading)、[扩容](/37-scale/#further-reading)、[分区](/39-partitioning/#further-reading)。 - [CREATE TRIGGER](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-createtrigger.html)。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [Database Page Layout](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-page-layout.html)。引用章节：[存储](/04-storage/#further-reading)。 - [Database Roles](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/user-manag.html)。引用章节：[基本概念](/02-basics/#further-reading)。 - [Data Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype.html)。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)。 - [Date/Time Functions and Operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-datetime.html)。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#timestamps-always-timestamptz)。 - [EXPLAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-explain.html)。引用章节：[EXPLAIN](/19-explain/#further-reading)。 - [Explicit Locking](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/explicit-locking.html)。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)。 - [Free Space Map](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-fsm.html)。引用章节：[存储](/04-storage/#further-reading)。 - [Full Text Search](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/textsearch.html)。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)。 - [Function Volatility Categories](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/xfunc-volatility.html)。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [GIN Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/gin.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [GiST Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/gist.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [Hash Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/hash-index.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [Heap-Only Tuples (HOT)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-hot.html)。引用章节：[HOT](/07-hot/#further-reading)。 - [Hot Standby](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/hot-standby.html)。引用章节：[复制](/38-replication/#further-reading)。 - [How Connections Are Established](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/connect-estab.html)。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - [How the Planner Uses Statistics](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/planner-stats-details.html)。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)。 - [Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes.html)。引用章节：[B-树](/17-btree/#further-reading)。 - [Index Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes-types.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [INSERT (including ON CONFLICT)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-insert.html)。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)、[数据加载](/27-loading/#further-reading)。 - [JSON Functions and Operators](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-json.html)。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)。 - [JSON Types](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/datatype-json.html)。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)、[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/jit.html)。引用章节：[执行计划](/21-plans/#further-reading)。 - [Large Objects: introduction](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/lo-intro.html)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#further-reading)。 - [Lexical Structure](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-syntax-lexical.html)。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#a-few-more-habits-dont-transfer)。 - [LIMIT and OFFSET](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-limit.html)。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)。 - [Logical Decoding](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/logicaldecoding.html)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#further-reading)。 - [Logical Replication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/logical-replication.html)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#further-reading)、[复制](/38-replication/#further-reading)。 - [Log-Shipping Standby Servers](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/warm-standby.html)。引用章节：[复制](/38-replication/#further-reading)。 - [ltree](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ltree.html)。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)。 - [Managing Kernel Resources](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/kernel-resources.html)。引用章节：[配置](/30-configuration/#further-reading)。 - [Materialized Views](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/rules-materializedviews.html)。引用章节：[扩容](/37-scale/#further-reading)。 - [MERGE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-merge.html)。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)。 - [NOTIFY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-notify.html)。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)。 - [Operator Classes and Operator Families](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/indexes-opclass.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [Packaging Related Objects into an Extension](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/extend-extensions.html)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#further-reading)。 - [pageinspect](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pageinspect.html)。引用章节：[存储](/04-storage/#further-reading)。 - [Parallel Query](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/parallel-query.html)。引用章节：[执行计划](/21-plans/#further-reading)。 - [Performance Tips](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/performance-tips.html)。引用章节：[调优指南](/36-playbook/#further-reading)。 - [pg_basebackup](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgbasebackup.html)。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [pgbench](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgbench.html)。引用章节：[基准测试](/29-benchmarking/#further-reading)、[调优指南](/36-playbook/#further-reading)。 - [pg_buffercache](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgbuffercache.html)。引用章节：[缓冲区](/05-buffers/#further-reading)。 - [pg_combinebackup](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgcombinebackup.html)。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [pg_dump](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgdump.html)。引用章节：[基准测试](/29-benchmarking/#further-reading)、[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#community-postgres-moves-cleanly)。 - [pg_prewarm](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgprewarm.html)。引用章节：[缓冲区](/05-buffers/#further-reading)。 - [pg_rewind](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-pgrewind.html)。引用章节：[复制](/38-replication/#further-reading)。 - [pg_stat_statements](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgstatstatements.html)。引用章节：[基准测试](/29-benchmarking/#further-reading)、[可观测性](/31-observability/#further-reading)、[调优指南](/36-playbook/#further-reading)、[扩容](/37-scale/#further-reading)。 - [pgstattuple](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgstattuple.html)。引用章节：[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)。 - [pg_test_fsync](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgtestfsync.html)。引用章节：[延迟](/03-latency/#further-reading)。 - [pg_trgm](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgtrgm.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [pg_upgrade](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/pgupgrade.html)。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [Planner/Optimizer](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/planner-optimizer.html)。引用章节：[执行计划](/21-plans/#further-reading)。 - [PL/pgSQL: Transaction Management](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/plpgsql-transactions.html)。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [PL/pgSQL under the Hood](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/plpgsql-implementation.html)。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [Populating a Database](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/populate.html)。引用章节：[数据加载](/27-loading/#further-reading)。 - [postgres_fdw](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/postgres-fdw.html)。引用章节：[分片](/40-sharding/#further-reading)。 - [PostgreSQL 18.6 release notes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18-6.html)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#contrib-is-the-safest-shelf-though-some-of-it-is-obsolete)。 - [PostgreSQL 18 documentation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/index.html)。引用章节：[序言](/01-preface/#further-reading)。 - [PostgreSQL 18 release notes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html). 2025。引用章节：[序言](/01-preface/#further-reading)、[B-树](/17-btree/#further-reading)。 - [PostgreSQL 19 Beta 4 Released!](https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-19-beta-4-released-3386). 2026。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#basics-chapter-35)。 - [PostgreSQL Limits](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/limits.html)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#further-reading)。 - [Predefined Roles](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/predefined-roles.html)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#further-reading)。 - [PREPARE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-prepare.html)。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)。 - [Privileges](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-priv.html)。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [Progress Reporting](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/progress-reporting.html)。引用章节：[可观测性](/31-observability/#further-reading)。 - [psql](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/app-psql.html)。引用章节：[序言](/01-preface/#further-reading)、[基本概念](/02-basics/#further-reading)。 - [REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-refreshmaterializedview.html)。引用章节：[扩容](/37-scale/#further-reading)。 - [REINDEX](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-reindex.html)。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#build-a-unique-index-concurrently-then-attach-it)。 - [Reliability](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-reliability.html)。引用章节：[延迟](/03-latency/#further-reading)、[ACID](/09-acid/#further-reading)。 - [REPACK (development version)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/devel/sql-repack.html)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#rebuild-bloated-tables-without-locking-them)。 - [Routine Vacuuming](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/routine-vacuuming.html)。引用章节：[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#further-reading)、[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)、[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)、[调优指南](/36-playbook/#further-reading)。 - [Row Security Policies](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-rowsecurity.html)。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [Schemas](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-schemas.html)。引用章节：[基本概念](/02-basics/#further-reading)。 - [Sequence Manipulation Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-sequence.html)。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#basics-13-gaps-the-import-that-collides-and-logical-replication)。 - [Serialization Failure Handling](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Client Connection Defaults](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-client.html)。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Connections and Authentication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-connection.html)。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Error Reporting and Logging](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-logging.html)。引用章节：[配置](/30-configuration/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Query Planning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-query.html)。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)、[调优指南](/36-playbook/#further-reading)、[分区](/39-partitioning/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Replication](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-replication.html)。引用章节：[复制](/38-replication/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Resource Consumption](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-resource.html)。引用章节：[延迟](/03-latency/#further-reading)、[缓冲区](/05-buffers/#further-reading)、[配置](/30-configuration/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Vacuuming](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-vacuum.html)。引用章节：[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)。 - [Server Configuration: Write Ahead Log](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/runtime-config-wal.html)。引用章节：[WAL](/08-wal/#further-reading)、[数据加载](/27-loading/#further-reading)、[配置](/30-configuration/#further-reading)。 - [Set Returning Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-srf.html)。引用章节：[序言](/01-preface/#further-reading)。 - [Setting Parameters](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/config-setting.html)。引用章节：[配置](/30-configuration/#further-reading)。 - [Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-order.html)。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#integer-division-truncates-and-nulls-sort-last)。 - [SP-GiST Indexes](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/spgist.html)。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [Statistics Used by the Planner](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/planner-stats.html)。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)。 - [Subquery Expressions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-subquery.html)。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)。 - [Subtransactions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/subxacts.html)。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)。 - [System Catalogs](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/catalogs.html)。引用章节：[基本概念](/02-basics/#further-reading)。 - [Table Partitioning](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-partitioning.html)。引用章节：[扩容](/37-scale/#further-reading)、[分区](/39-partitioning/#further-reading)。 - [The Cumulative Statistics System](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/monitoring-stats.html)。引用章节：[可观测性](/31-observability/#further-reading)、[调优指南](/36-playbook/#further-reading)、[扩容](/37-scale/#further-reading)。 - [The pg_hba.conf File](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/auth-pg-hba-conf.html)。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [The SQL Language](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/tutorial-sql.html)。引用章节：[基本概念](/02-basics/#further-reading)。 - [TOAST](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-toast.html)。引用章节：[存储](/04-storage/#further-reading)。 - [Transaction Isolation](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/transaction-iso.html)。引用章节：[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#further-reading)、[ACID](/09-acid/#further-reading)、[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)。 - [Triggers](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/triggers.html)。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [TRUNCATE](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/sql-truncate.html)。引用章节：[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#a-delete-only-stamps-the-row)。 - [User-Defined Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/xfunc.html)。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [Using EXPLAIN](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/using-explain.html)。引用章节：[EXPLAIN](/19-explain/#further-reading)。 - [UUID Functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/functions-uuid.html)。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#further-reading)。 - [Versioning Policy](https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning)。引用章节：[序言](/01-preface/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#further-reading)。 - [Viewing Locks](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/monitoring-locks.html)。引用章节：[可观测性](/31-observability/#further-reading)。 - [Visibility Map](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/storage-vm.html)。引用章节：[存储](/04-storage/#further-reading)。 - [WAL Configuration](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-configuration.html)。引用章节：[WAL](/08-wal/#further-reading)。 - [WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/queries-with.html)。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)。 - [Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/wal-intro.html)。引用章节：[WAL](/08-wal/#further-reading)。 ## PostgreSQL 源码、提交和 Wiki {#postgresql-source-commits-and-wiki} 手册告诉你“是什么”之后，README 会由构建这些机制的人亲自解释“为什么”。本节收录这些设计说明、两个提交以及社区 Wiki，均来自 PostgreSQL 项目。源码链接指向不断变化的 `master` 分支。 - [A Guide to CVE-2018-1058: Protect Your Search Path](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_CVE-2018-1058%3A_Protect_Your_Search_Path). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [BRIN access method (src/backend/access/brin/brin.c)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/brin/brin.c). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#a-thousandth-of-the-size-nearly-the-same-pages)。 - [BRIN design notes (src/backend/access/brin/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/brin/README). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[更多索引](/18-more-indexes/#further-reading)。 - [B-tree implementation (src/backend/access/nbtree/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/nbtree/README). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[B-树](/17-btree/#further-reading)。 - [Buffer manager design notes (src/backend/storage/buffer/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/storage/buffer/README). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[缓冲区](/05-buffers/#further-reading)。 - [Count estimate](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Count_estimate). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)。 - [Don't Do This](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Don%27t_Do_This). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)。 - [Fsync Errors](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Fsync_Errors). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[ACID](/09-acid/#fsync-is-only-as-honest-as-the-drive)。 - [Heap-only tuples (src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/heap/README.HOT). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[HOT](/07-hot/#further-reading)。 - [Hint Bits](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Hint_Bits). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#further-reading)。 - [Increase the number of fast-path lock slots (commit c4d5cb71d)](https://postgr.es/c/c4d5cb71d). Tomas Vondra, 2024。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#lwlock-waits-are-fixed-in-the-workload-not-the-query)。 - [Inlining of SQL functions](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Inlining_of_SQL_functions). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[函数](/24-functions/#further-reading)。 - [Lazy vacuum (src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/heap/vacuumlazy.c). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)。 - [Locale data changes](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Locale_data_changes). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)。 - [Lock manager design notes (src/backend/storage/lmgr/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/storage/lmgr/README). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)。 - [Memory context design notes (src/backend/utils/mmgr/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/utils/mmgr/README). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[缓冲区](/05-buffers/#further-reading)。 - [Number Of Database Connections](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Number_Of_Database_Connections). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - [OptimizerHintsDiscussion](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/OptimizerHintsDiscussion). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)。 - [Row locking and MultiXacts (src/backend/access/heap/README.tuplock)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/heap/README.tuplock). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#further-reading)。 - [Slow Counting](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Slow_Counting). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)。 - [SSI](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/SSI). PostgreSQL Wiki。引用章节：[ACID](/09-acid/#further-reading)。 - [Transaction system and WAL (src/backend/access/transam/README)](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/master/src/backend/access/transam/README). PostgreSQL 源码。引用章节：[WAL](/08-wal/#further-reading)。 - [Use ExtendBufferedRelBy() to extend tables more efficiently (commit 00d1e02be)](https://postgr.es/c/00d1e02be). Andres Freund, 2023。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#lwlock-waits-are-fixed-in-the-workload-not-the-query)。 ## 论文 {#papers} 机制背后的研究：预写日志恢复、隔离性、B-link 树、基于代价的规划，以及向量搜索和混合搜索背后的索引。运行 Postgres 不需要先读这些论文。当某一章让你想追问一种机制的来历时，再找一篇来读。 - [A Critique of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/a-critique-of-ansi-sql-isolation-levels). Hal Berenson, Phil Bernstein, Jim Gray, Jim Melton, Elizabeth O'Neil, and Patrick O'Neil, SIGMOD, 1995。引用章节：[ACID](/09-acid/#further-reading)。 - [A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory](https://www.bkent.net/Doc/simple5.htm). William Kent, Communications of the ACM, 1983。引用章节：[关系](/14-relationships/#further-reading)。 - [Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System](https://courses.cs.duke.edu/compsci516/cps216/spring03/papers/selinger-etal-1979.pdf). P. Griffiths Selinger, M. M. Astrahan, D. D. Chamberlin, R. A. Lorie, and T. G. Price, SIGMOD, 1979。引用章节：[执行计划](/21-plans/#further-reading)。 - [ARIES: A Transaction Recovery Method Supporting Fine-Granularity Locking and Partial Rollbacks Using Write-Ahead Logging](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262/Aries.pdf). C. Mohan, Don Haderle, Bruce Lindsay, Hamid Pirahesh, and Peter Schwarz, ACM TODS, 1992。引用章节：[WAL](/08-wal/#further-reading)。 - [Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using Hierarchical Navigable Small World graphs](https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.09320). Yu. A. Malkov and D. A. Yashunin, arXiv, 2016。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)。 - [Efficient Locking for Concurrent Operations on B-Trees](https://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy460/pdf/p650-lehman.pdf). Philip L. Lehman and S. Bing Yao, ACM TODS, 1981。引用章节：[B-树](/17-btree/#further-reading)。 - [How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really?](https://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol9/p204-leis.pdf). Viktor Leis, Andrey Gubichev, Atanas Mirchev, Peter Boncz, Alfons Kemper, and Thomas Neumann, PVLDB, 2015。引用章节：[规划器](/20-planner/#further-reading)、[执行计划](/21-plans/#further-reading)。 - [Reciprocal Rank Fusion outperforms Condorcet and individual Rank Learning Methods](https://cormack.uwaterloo.ca/cormacksigir09-rrf.pdf). Gordon V. Cormack, Charles L. A. Clarke, and Stefan Büttcher, SIGIR, 2009。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)。 - [Serializable Snapshot Isolation in PostgreSQL](https://vldb.org/pvldb/vol5/p1850_danrkports_vldb2012.pdf). Dan R. K. Ports and Kevin Grittner, PVLDB, 2012。引用章节：[ACID](/09-acid/#further-reading)。 - [What Goes Around Comes Around... And Around...](https://db.cs.cmu.edu/papers/2024/whatgoesaround-sigmodrec2024.pdf). Michael Stonebraker and Andrew Pavlo, SIGMOD Record, 2024。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)、[局限](/41-limits/#further-reading)。 ## 书籍 {#books} 两部系统讲解的著作，都可以在线免费阅读。如果你想换一种讲解方式理解同样的概念，它们就是存储、MVCC 和 B-树三章最好的配套读物。 - **The Internals of PostgreSQL**. Hironobu Suzuki, 2015 年至今. [Heap Table Structure](https://www.interdb.jp/pg/pgsql01/03.html), [Concurrency Control](https://www.interdb.jp/pg/pgsql05.html)。引用章节：[存储](/04-storage/#further-reading)、[MVCC](/06-mvcc/#further-reading)。 - [Use The Index, Luke: Anatomy of an SQL Index](https://use-the-index-luke.com/sql/anatomy). Markus Winand。引用章节：[B-树](/17-btree/#further-reading)。 ## 规范与 RFC {#specifications-and-rfcs} 本书关于标识符和访问控制的建议所依据的标准。 - [Insecure Direct Object Reference Prevention Cheat Sheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Insecure_Direct_Object_Reference_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html). OWASP。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#further-reading)。 - [RFC 9562: Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs)](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562). K. Davis, B. Peabody, and P. Leach, IETF, 2024。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#further-reading)。 - [TypeID specification](https://github.com/jetify-com/typeid). Jetify。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#further-reading)。 - [ULID specification](https://github.com/ulid/spec). ulid 项目。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#a-ulid-fits-a-uuid-column-byte-for-byte)。 ## 服务商与项目文档 {#vendor-and-project-documentation} 服务商页面经常变化，因此在依据某项价格、限制或版本作决定之前，要重新查看页面。各章都注明所引事实的日期，大多截至 2026 年 10 月。条目按来源分组，并为每个被引页面附上链接。 - [About Pool Sizing](https://github.com/brettwooldridge/HikariCP/wiki/About-Pool-Sizing). Brett Wooldridge, HikariCP wiki。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - **Aiven for PostgreSQL documentation**. Aiven. [Aiven service and tool version lifecycle](https://aiven.io/docs/platform/reference/eol-for-major-versions), [High availability](https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/concepts/high-availability), [Aiven for PostgreSQL backups](https://aiven.io/docs/products/postgresql/concepts/pg-backups), [Pricing](https://aiven.io/pricing/postgresql)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - **AlloyDB for PostgreSQL documentation**. Google Cloud. [Manage PostgreSQL users with built-in authentication](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/database-users/about), [Supported database extensions](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/reference/extensions), [Improve query performance using query insights](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/using-query-insights), [AlloyDB high availability overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/high-availability), [Pricing](https://cloud.google.com/alloydb/pricing), [AlloyDB overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/overview), [About the AlloyDB columnar engine](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/columnar-engine/about), [Database version policies](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/db-version-policies), [Data backup and recovery overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/backup/overview), [AlloyDB Omni overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/omni/docs/overview), [Export a DMP file](https://docs.cloud.google.com/alloydb/docs/export-dmp-file)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser)、[服务商](/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity)。 - **Amazon Aurora User Guide and Aurora PostgreSQL release notes**. AWS. [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL parameters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.Reference.ParameterGroups.html), [Extensions supported](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraPostgreSQLReleaseNotes/AuroraPostgreSQL.Extensions.html), [Amazon Aurora storage](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Aurora.Overview.StorageReliability.html), [Replication with Amazon Aurora](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Aurora.Replication.html), [High availability for Amazon Aurora](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Concepts.AuroraHighAvailability.html), [Amazon Aurora DB clusters](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/Aurora.Overview.html), [Release calendars](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraPostgreSQLReleaseNotes/aurorapostgresql-release-calendar.html), [Using Amazon Aurora Global Database](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-global-database.html), [How Aurora serverless works](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-serverless-v2.how-it-works.html), [Scaling to Zero ACUs with automatic pause and resume](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/aurora-serverless-v2-auto-pause.html), [Overview of PostgreSQL logical replication](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/AuroraPostgreSQL.Replication.Logical.html), [Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database requirements and considerations](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/limitless-reqs-limits.html), [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database updates](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraPostgreSQLReleaseNotes/limitless-updates.html), [Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database architecture](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/AuroraUserGuide/limitless-architecture.html)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#per-role-settings-are-the-portable-tool)、[服务商](/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity)、[分片](/40-sharding/#managed-sharding-costs-you-features-and-an-easy-exit)。 - **Amazon EBS, EC2, S3, and Aurora DSQL documentation**. AWS. [Amazon EBS volume types](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/ebs-volume-types.html), [Amazon EBS General Purpose SSD volumes](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ebs/latest/userguide/general-purpose.html), [Amazon EBS-optimized instance types](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ebs-optimized.html), [Specifications for Amazon EC2 storage optimized instances](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ec2/latest/instancetypes/so.html), [Data persistence for Amazon EC2 instance store volumes](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-store-lifetime.html), [Migrating from PostgreSQL to Aurora DSQL](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/aurora-dsql/latest/userguide/working-with-postgresql-compatibility-migration-guide.html), [Uploading objects](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/upload-objects.html)。引用章节：[延迟](/03-latency/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#further-reading)、[局限](/41-limits/#blobs-bytes-belong-in-object-storage)。 - **Amazon RDS User Guide and RDS for PostgreSQL release notes**. AWS. [Understanding the rds_superuser role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Appendix.PostgreSQL.CommonDBATasks.Roles.rds_superuser.html), [Overview of parameter groups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/parameter-groups-overview.html), [Extension versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/PostgreSQLReleaseNotes/postgresql-extensions.html), [Supported PostgreSQL extension versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Concepts.General.FeatureSupport.Extensions.html), [Amazon RDS DB instance storage](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/CHAP_Storage.html), [Amazon CloudWatch metrics](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/rds-metrics.html), [IO:DataFileRead](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/wait-event.iodatafileread.html), [Database load](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_PerfInsights.Overview.ActiveSessions.html), [Avoiding pinning an RDS Proxy](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/rds-proxy-pinning.html), [Backup retention period](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_WorkingWithAutomatedBackups.BackupRetention.html), [Restoring a DB instance to a specified time](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_PIT.html), [Introduction to backups](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_WorkingWithAutomatedBackups.html), [Restoring to a DB instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_RestoreFromSnapshot.html), [Upgrades of the RDS for PostgreSQL DB engine](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_UpgradeDBInstance.PostgreSQL.html), [PostgreSQL replication methods for blue/green deployments](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/blue-green-deployments-replication-type.html), [Limitations and considerations blue/green deployments](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/blue-green-deployments-considerations.html), [Failing over a Multi-AZ DB instance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Concepts.MultiAZ.Failover.html), [Failing over a Multi-AZ DB cluster](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/multi-az-db-clusters-concepts-failover.html), [Parameters for logging in RDS for PostgreSQL](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_LogAccess.Concepts.PostgreSQL.overview.parameter-groups.html), [Improving query performance](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/USER_PostgreSQL.optimizedreads.html), [Release calendars](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/PostgreSQLReleaseNotes/postgresql-release-calendar.html), [Working with the Database Preview environment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/working-with-the-database-preview-environment.html), [Multi-AZ DB cluster deployments](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/multi-az-db-clusters-concepts.html), [Importing data into PostgreSQL on Amazon RDS](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Procedural.Importing.html), [Amazon RDS Extended Support](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/extended-support.html)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity)。 - **Apache AGE**. Apache Software Foundation. [Repository](https://github.com/apache/age), [Board meeting minutes](https://whimsy.apache.org/board/minutes/AGE.html)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#apache-age-is-a-nicer-language-for-the-same-joins)。 - **Apache Kafka documentation**. Apache Software Foundation. [Introduction](https://kafka.apache.org/intro), [Topic Configs](https://kafka.apache.org/41/configuration/topic-configs)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#streams-a-table-is-not-a-log)。 - **AWS pricing and announcements**. AWS. [Amazon RDS pricing](https://aws.amazon.com/rds/pricing), [Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL pricing](https://aws.amazon.com/rds/postgresql/pricing), [Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL Limitless Database is now generally available (2024)](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2024/10/amazon-aurora-postgresql-limitless-database-generally-available)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#the-bill-has-its-own-failure-modes)、[服务商](/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity)、[分片](/40-sharding/#managed-sharding-costs-you-features-and-an-easy-exit)。 - **Azure Database for PostgreSQL and Azure HorizonDB documentation**. Microsoft. [Access Management](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/security/security-access-control), [Load Libraries](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/extensions/how-to-load-libraries), [List of Extensions and Modules by Name](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/extensions/concepts-extensions-versions), [Allow Extensions](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/extensions/how-to-allow-extensions), [Storage options](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/compute-storage/concepts-storage), [Monitor Using Metrics and Logs](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/monitor/concepts-monitoring), [Query Store](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/monitor/concepts-query-store), [PgBouncer](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/connectivity/concepts-pgbouncer), [Backup and Restore](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/backup-restore/concepts-backup-restore), [Major Version Upgrades](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/configure-maintain/concepts-major-version-upgrade), [High Availability](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/high-availability/concepts-high-availability), [What is Azure Database for PostgreSQL?](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/overview), [Compute Options](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/compute-storage/concepts-compute), [Supported versions of PostgreSQL](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/configure-maintain/concepts-supported-versions), [Read replicas](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/read-replica/concepts-read-replicas), [Elastic Clusters](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/elastic-clusters/concepts-elastic-clusters), [Extended Support](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/postgresql/configure-maintain/extended-support), [Pricing](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/postgresql/flexible-server), [What Is Azure HorizonDB?](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/horizondb/overview)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser)、[服务商](/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity)。 - [Barman](https://pgbarman.org). Barman 项目。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager)。 - **Citus**. Citus Data. [Repository](https://github.com/citusdata/citus), [Columnar storage](https://github.com/citusdata/citus/tree/main/src/backend/columnar)。引用章节：[分片](/40-sharding/#further-reading)、[局限](/41-limits/#rollups-and-a-column-extension-close-much-of-the-gap)。 - **ClickHouse documentation**. ClickHouse. [CREATE TABLE](https://clickhouse.com/docs/sql-reference/statements/create/table), [A practical introduction to primary indexes](https://clickhouse.com/docs/guides/best-practices/sparse-primary-indexes), [Transactional (ACID) support](https://clickhouse.com/docs/guides/developer/transactional), [Using JOINs](https://clickhouse.com/docs/guides/joining-tables)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#column-stores-were-about-ten-times-faster-and-still-faster-on-one-core)。 - **Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL documentation**. Google Cloud. [About PostgreSQL users and roles](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/users), [Configure database flags](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/flags), [Configure PostgreSQL extensions](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/extensions), [Choose a storage option](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/storage-options-overview), [Use query insights to improve query performance](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/using-query-insights), [Managed Connection Pooling overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/managed-connection-pooling), [Perform point-in-time recovery (PITR)](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/backup-recovery/pitr), [Cloud SQL backups overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/backup-recovery/backups), [Upgrade the database major version in-place](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/upgrade-major-db-version-inplace), [About high availability](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/high-availability), [Cloud SQL overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/introduction), [Database versions and version policies](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/db-versions), [Cloud SQL editions overview](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/editions-intro), [Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL features](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/features), [Extended support for Cloud SQL](https://docs.cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/extended-support), [Pricing](https://cloud.google.com/sql/pricing)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser)、[服务商](/35-providers/#hyperscalers-win-on-breadth-and-cost-you-complexity)。 - **CockroachDB documentation**. Cockroach Labs. [PostgreSQL Compatibility](https://docs.cockroachlabs.com/docs/stable/postgresql-compatibility), [Replication Layer](https://docs.cockroachlabs.com/docs/stable/architecture/replication-layer)。引用章节：[分片](/40-sharding/#further-reading)、[局限](/41-limits/#global-writes-every-commit-pays-the-round-trip)。 - **Compute Engine and Spanner documentation**. Google Cloud. [About Local SSD disks](https://docs.cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/local-ssd), [Spanner: TrueTime and external consistency](https://docs.cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/true-time-external-consistency)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#local-nvme-fast-and-gone-with-the-host)、[局限](/41-limits/#global-writes-every-commit-pays-the-round-trip)。 - **Crunchy Bridge documentation**. Crunchy Data. [PostgreSQL versions](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/postgres-versions), [User management](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/users), [High availability](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/high-availability), [Plans and pricing](https://docs.crunchybridge.com/concepts/plans-pricing)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Debezium connector for PostgreSQL](https://debezium.io/documentation/reference/stable/connectors/postgresql.html). Debezium 项目。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#further-reading)。 - **DigitalOcean Managed PostgreSQL documentation**. DigitalOcean. [PostgreSQL Limits](https://docs.digitalocean.com/products/databases/postgresql/details/limits), [PostgreSQL Features](https://docs.digitalocean.com/products/databases/postgresql/details/features)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - **DuckDB documentation**. DuckDB. [Storage Versions and Format](https://duckdb.org/docs/current/internals/storage.html), [Concurrency](https://duckdb.org/docs/current/connect/concurrency.html)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#column-stores-were-about-ten-times-faster-and-still-faster-on-one-core)。 - **EDB documentation**. EnterpriseDB. [EDB Postgres AI Cloud Service](https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/edb-postgres-ai/cloud-service), [Enterprise Postgres (Oracle Compatible) v18](https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/epas/latest), [Pricing and billing](https://www.enterprisedb.com/docs/edb-postgres-ai/cloud-service/references/pricing_and_billing)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [explain.dalibo.com](https://explain.dalibo.com). Dalibo。引用章节：[EXPLAIN](/19-explain/#further-reading)。 - [explain.depesz.com](https://explain.depesz.com). Hubert Lubaczewski。引用章节：[EXPLAIN](/19-explain/#further-reading)。 - **Fly.io Postgres documentation**. Fly.io. [Managed Postgres](https://docs.fly.io/postgres), [Unmanaged Postgres](https://docs.fly.io/unmanaged-postgres/index.md)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Hermitage](https://github.com/ept/hermitage). Martin Kleppmann 及贡献者。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#further-reading)。 - **Heroku Dev Center: Heroku Postgres**. Heroku. [Choosing the Right Heroku Postgres Plan](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-plans), [Heroku Postgres Advanced (Limited GA)](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-advanced), [Heroku Postgres Version Support](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-version-support), [Heroku Postgres Credentials](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgresql-credentials), [High Availability](https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/heroku-postgres-ha)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - **HypoPG**. HypoPG 项目. [Repository](https://github.com/HypoPG/hypopg), [Documentation](https://hypopg.readthedocs.io)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#ask-the-planner-hypothetical-questions)。 - [KSUID](https://github.com/segmentio/ksuid). Segment。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#a-ksuid-is-too-wide-for-uuid)。 - **Kubernetes operators for PostgreSQL**. [CloudNativePG](https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cloudnative-pg), [CloudNativePG at the CNCF](https://www.cncf.io/projects/cloudnativepg), [Crunchy Postgres for Kubernetes](https://github.com/CrunchyData/postgres-operator), [Zalando postgres-operator](https://github.com/zalando/postgres-operator), [StackGres](https://stackgres.io), [Percona Operator for PostgreSQL](https://github.com/percona/percona-postgresql-operator)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager)。 - [Lead](https://github.com/planetscale/lead). PlanetScale。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#search-extensions-put-bm25-in-the-index)。 - **Linux kernel documentation**. Linux kernel. [Control Group v2](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html), [Documentation for /proc/sys/vm](https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.html)。引用章节：[配置](/30-configuration/#decide-the-os-settings-once-per-machine-type)。 - **MySQL 8.4 Reference Manual**. Oracle. [Clustered and Secondary Indexes](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/innodb-index-types.html), [InnoDB Multi-Versioning](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/innodb-multi-versioning.html), [Transaction Isolation Levels](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/innodb-transaction-isolation-levels.html)。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#further-reading)。 - [NanoID](https://github.com/ai/nanoid). Andrey Sitnik。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#a-nanoids-length-is-its-collision-budget)。 - **Neon documentation**. Neon. [Manage roles](https://neon.com/docs/manage/roles), [Postgres extensions](https://neon.com/docs/extensions/pg-extensions), [The lakebase architecture](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/architecture-overview), [Scale to Zero](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/scale-to-zero), [Connection pooling](https://neon.com/docs/connect/connection-pooling), [Postgres version support](https://neon.com/docs/postgresql/postgres-version-policy), [Branching](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/branching), [Logical replication](https://neon.com/docs/guides/logical-replication-neon), [Neon plans](https://neon.com/docs/introduction/plans)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser)、[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - **Nile documentation**. Nile. [Architecture of Nile Postgres](https://www.thenile.dev/docs/getting-started/architecture), [Postgres Compatibility](https://www.thenile.dev/docs/postgres/postgres-compatibility)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - [ParadeDB architecture](https://www.paradedb.com/docs/concepts/architecture). ParadeDB。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)。 - [Patroni](https://github.com/patroni/patroni). Patroni 项目。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager)、[复制](/38-replication/#further-reading)。 - [pgAudit](https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit). pgAudit 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#pgaudit-logs-who-did-what-at-the-cost-of-log-volume)、[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - **pgBackRest**. pgBackRest 项目. [Home](https://pgbackrest.org), [User Guide](https://pgbackrest.org/user-guide.html), [News](https://pgbackrest.org/news.html)。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager)。 - **PgBouncer documentation**. PgBouncer 项目. [Features](https://www.pgbouncer.org/features.html), [Configuration](https://www.pgbouncer.org/config.html), [Changelog](https://www.pgbouncer.org/changelog.html)。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - [pg_cron](https://github.com/citusdata/pg_cron). Citus Data。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#pg_cron-and-pg_partman-keep-time-on-your-side)。 - [PgDog](https://github.com/pgdogdev/pgdog). PgDog 项目。引用章节：[分片](/40-sharding/#further-reading)。 - [pg_duckdb](https://github.com/duckdb/pg_duckdb). DuckDB 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#run-an-analytics-engine-on-a-replica-never-the-primary)、[局限](/41-limits/#further-reading)。 - [pg_hint_plan](https://github.com/ossc-db/pg_hint_plan). NTT OSS Center。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#ask-the-planner-hypothetical-questions)、[执行计划](/21-plans/#further-reading)。 - [pg_lake](https://github.com/Snowflake-Labs/pg_lake). Snowflake Labs。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#run-an-analytics-engine-on-a-replica-never-the-primary)。 - [pg_mooncake](https://github.com/Mooncake-Labs/pg_mooncake). Mooncake Labs。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#run-an-analytics-engine-on-a-replica-never-the-primary)。 - [pgmq](https://github.com/pgmq/pgmq). pgmq 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#pgmq-is-still-a-postgres-table)。 - [pg_partman](https://github.com/pgpartman/pg_partman). pg_partman 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#pg_cron-and-pg_partman-keep-time-on-your-side)、[分区](/39-partitioning/#further-reading)。 - **pg_repack**. reorg 项目. [Repository](https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack), [Documentation](https://reorg.github.io/pg_repack)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#rebuild-bloated-tables-without-locking-them)。 - [pgroll](https://github.com/xataio/pgroll). Xata。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)。 - [PGroonga](https://pgroonga.github.io). PGroonga 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#pgroonga-searches-text-the-built-in-parser-cant-split)。 - [pg_search](https://github.com/paradedb/paradedb). ParadeDB。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#search-extensions-put-bm25-in-the-index)。 - [pg_squeeze](https://github.com/cybertec-postgresql/pg_squeeze). CYBERTEC。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#rebuild-bloated-tables-without-locking-them)。 - [pg_textsearch](https://github.com/timescale/pg_textsearch). Tiger Data。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)。 - [pgvector](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector). pgvector 项目。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)、[局限](/41-limits/#vectors-an-indexed-column-tops-out-at-2000-dimensions)。 - [pg_wait_sampling](https://github.com/postgrespro/pg_wait_sampling). Postgres Professional。引用章节：[可观测性](/31-observability/#further-reading)。 - **PlanetScale documentation, benchmarks, and pricing**. PlanetScale. [PlanetScale benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks), [PlanetScale vs Amazon Aurora benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks/aurora), [PlanetScale vs Neon / Lakebase benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks/neon-lakebase), [PlanetScale Postgres architecture](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/postgres-architecture), [PlanetScale vs Xata benchmarks](https://planetscale.com/benchmarks/xata), [Supported versions](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/cluster-configuration/versions), [Logical replication and Change Data Capture (CDC)](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/integrations/logical-cdc), [Point-in-time recovery](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/backups/point-in-time-recovery), [Horizontal sharding for Postgres](https://planetscale.com/docs/postgres/sharding), [Pricing](https://planetscale.com/pricing), [Query planning](https://planetscale.com/docs/neki/query-planning)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#the-best-known-benchmark-tested-storage-at-fifteen-times-ram)、[分片](/40-sharding/#further-reading)。 - [PLJS](https://github.com/plv8/pljs). plv8 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#untrusted-languages-need-a-superuser)。 - [PL/v8](https://github.com/plv8/plv8). plv8 项目。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#untrusted-languages-need-a-superuser)。 - **PostGIS**. PostGIS 项目. [Home](https://postgis.net), [Spatial Queries](https://postgis.net/docs/using_postgis_query.html), [PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade](https://postgis.net/docs/PostGIS_Extensions_Upgrade.html), [License](https://github.com/postgis/postgis/blob/master/LICENSE.TXT)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#postgis-is-why-many-teams-run-postgres-at-all)。 - [PostgreSQL Anonymizer](https://postgresql-anonymizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable). PostgreSQL Anonymizer 项目。引用章节：[基准测试](/29-benchmarking/#copy-production-without-copying-people)。 - [Prisma Postgres FAQ](https://www.prisma.io/docs/postgres/faq). Prisma。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - **Railway documentation**. Railway. [Databases](https://docs.railway.com/databases), [Upgrading PostgreSQL to High Availability](https://docs.railway.com/databases/postgresql-ha), [Backups](https://docs.railway.com/volumes/backups)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - **Render documentation**. Render. [Upgrading Your Render Postgres Version](https://render.com/docs/postgresql-upgrading), [High Availability](https://render.com/docs/postgresql-high-availability), [Render Postgres Recovery and Backups](https://render.com/docs/postgresql-backups), [Deploy for Free](https://render.com/docs/free)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Similarity settings](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/elasticsearch/index-settings/similarity). Elastic。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#search-postgres-ranks-without-corpus-statistics)。 - [Snowflake (2010 release)](https://github.com/twitter-archive/snowflake/tree/snowflake-2010). Twitter。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#a-snowflake-id-needs-a-unique-machine-id-per-writer)。 - **Snowflake Postgres documentation**. Snowflake. [Snowflake Postgres](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-postgres/about), [Snowflake Postgres Roles](https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/snowflake-postgres/postgres-roles)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Sqids](https://sqids.org). Sqids 项目。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#sqids-and-hashids-decode-back-to-the-counter)。 - [Squawk](https://squawkhq.com). Squawk 项目。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)。 - [strong_migrations](https://github.com/ankane/strong_migrations). Andrew Kane。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)。 - **Supabase documentation**. Supabase. [Postgres Roles](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/roles), [Postgres Extensions Overview](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/extensions), [Compute and Disk](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/platform/compute-and-disk), [Connect to your database](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/connecting-to-postgres), [Architecture](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/architecture), [Upgrading](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/platform/upgrading), [Replicate to another Postgres database using Logical Replication](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/postgres/setup-replication-external), [Branching](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/deployment/branching), [OrioleDB Overview](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/database/orioledb), [Pricing](https://supabase.com/pricing)。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#there-is-no-superuser)、[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - [sysbench-tpcc](https://github.com/Percona-Lab/sysbench-tpcc). Percona。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#further-reading)。 - **Tiger Data documentation**. Tiger Data. [Maintenance and upgrades](https://www.tigerdata.com/docs/deploy/tiger-cloud/tiger-cloud-aws/upgrades), [Manage data security in your service](https://www.tigerdata.com/docs/deploy/tiger-cloud/tiger-cloud-aws/security/read-only-role), [Pricing](https://www.tigerdata.com/pricing)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - **TimescaleDB**. Tiger Data. [Repository](https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb), [Apache 2.0 license](https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb/blob/main/LICENSE), [Timescale License](https://github.com/timescale/timescaledb/blob/main/tsl/LICENSE-TIMESCALE), [Compare TimescaleDB editions](https://www.tigerdata.com/docs/about/latest/timescaledb-editions)。引用章节：[扩展](/16-extensions/#timescaledb-is-partitioning-with-opinions)。 - **Valkey documentation**. Valkey 项目. [Introduction](https://valkey.io/topics/introduction), [Persistence](https://valkey.io/topics/persistence)。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#caching-a-database-is-not-a-cache)。 - [VectorChord-bm25](https://github.com/supervc-stack/VectorChord-bm25). VectorChord 项目。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#search-extensions-put-bm25-in-the-index)。 - [Volumes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes). Kubernetes。引用章节：[配置](/30-configuration/#decide-the-os-settings-once-per-machine-type)。 - [WAL-G](https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g). WAL-G 项目。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)、[服务商](/35-providers/#self-managing-gives-you-the-superuser-and-the-pager)。 - [wrk2](https://github.com/giltene/wrk2). Gil Tene。引用章节：[基准测试](/29-benchmarking/#further-reading)。 - **Xata documentation and pricing**. Xata. [Branching](https://xata.io/docs/core-concepts/branching), [Extensions](https://xata.io/docs/platform/extensions), [Pricing](https://xata.io/pricing)。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - [YugabyteDB Query Layer](https://docs.yugabyte.com/stable/architecture/query-layer). Yugabyte。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#global-writes-every-commit-pays-the-round-trip)。 ## 参考资料 {#reference-works} - [German tank problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_tank_problem). Wikipedia，未注明日期。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#five-ids-give-away-your-total)。 ## 文章、演讲与事故复盘 {#articles-talks-and-postmortems} 按作者或出版者列出的工程文章、演讲、公告和事故记录。先读事故复盘：让亲历者讲述其他团队的停机事故，比自己经历一次代价低得多。 - [Abusing SECURITY DEFINER functions](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/abusing-security-definer-functions). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2019。引用章节：[安全](/33-security/#further-reading)。 - [AlloyDB for PostgreSQL intelligent scalable storage](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/alloydb-for-postgresql-intelligent-scalable-storage). Google Cloud 博客, 2022。引用章节：[托管数据库](/34-managed/#disaggregated-storage-changes-some-rules)。 - [An Update on Heroku](https://www.heroku.com/blog/an-update-on-heroku). Heroku, 2026。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Analyzing the Limits of Connection Scalability in Postgres](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/adforpostgresql/analyzing-the-limits-of-connection-scalability-in-postgres/1757266). Andres Freund, Microsoft, 2020。引用章节：[连接](/28-connections/#further-reading)。 - [Benchmarking Postgres](https://planetscale.com/blog/benchmarking-postgres). Ben Dicken, PlanetScale, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#further-reading)。 - [Case-insensitive pattern matching in PostgreSQL](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/case-insensitive-pattern-matching-in-postgresql). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2022。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)。 - [Databricks Agrees to Acquire Neon to Deliver Serverless Postgres for Developers + AI Agents](https://www.databricks.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/databricks-agrees-acquire-neon-help-developers-deliver-ai-systems). Databricks, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#serverless-platforms-optimize-for-the-developers-day)。 - [Designing APIs for humans: Object IDs](https://dev.to/stripe/designing-apis-for-humans-object-ids-3o5a). Paul Asjes, Stripe, 2022。引用章节：[键](/13-keys/#a-prefix-makes-an-id-say-what-it-is)。 - [HOT updates in PostgreSQL for better performance](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/hot-updates-in-postgresql-for-better-performance). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2020。引用章节：[HOT](/07-hot/#further-reading)。 - [How NOT to Measure Latency](https://www.infoq.com/presentations/latency-response-time). Gil Tene, QCon San Francisco, 2015。引用章节：[基准测试](/29-benchmarking/#further-reading)。 - [How To Correct and Identify Indexes Affected by the GNU C 2.28 Update](https://www.crunchydata.com/blog/glibc-collations-and-data-corruption). David Thomas, Crunchy Data, 2019。引用章节：[类型](/12-types/#further-reading)。 - [Introducing TIN: full-text search for Postgres](https://planetscale.com/blog/introducing-tin). PlanetScale, 2026。引用章节：[搜索](/23-search/#further-reading)。 - [Meet the Team Behind Snowflake Postgres](https://www.snowflake.com/en/blog/engineering/meet-the-team-behind-snowflake-postgres). Elizabeth Garrett Christensen, Snowflake, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Numbers Every Programmer Should Know By Year](https://colin-scott.github.io/personal_website/research/interactive_latency.html). Colin Scott，未注明日期。引用章节：[延迟](/03-latency/#further-reading)。 - [On Uber's Choice of Databases](https://use-the-index-luke.com/blog/2016-07-29/on-ubers-choice-of-databases). Markus Winand, 2016。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#uber-hit-this-asymmetry-and-both-sides-were-right)。 - [PlanetScale for Postgres is now GA](https://planetscale.com/blog/planetscale-for-postgres-is-generally-available). PlanetScale, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Postgres LISTEN/NOTIFY does not scale](https://www.recall.ai/blog/postgres-listen-notify-does-not-scale). Recall.ai, 2025。引用章节：[数据模型](/15-models/#further-reading)。 - [Postmortem of database outage of January 31](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/postmortem-of-database-outage-of-january-31). GitLab, 2017。引用章节：[备份](/32-backups/#further-reading)。 - [Quack: The DuckDB Client-Server Protocol](https://duckdb.org/2026/05/12/quack-remote-protocol.html). DuckDB, 2026。引用章节：[局限](/41-limits/#column-stores-give-up-what-an-application-database-is-for)。 - [Reaction to the PlanetScale PostgreSQL benchmarks](https://xata.io/blog/reaction-to-the-planetscale-postgresql-benchmarks). Xata, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#further-reading)。 - [Separation of storage and compute without a performance tradeoff](https://neon.com/blog/separation-of-storage-and-compute-perf). Neon, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#log-structured-storage-ship-wal-not-pages)。 - [Snowflake Acquires Crunchy Data to Bring Enterprise Ready Postgres Offering to the AI Data Cloud](https://www.snowflake.com/en/news/press-releases/snowflake-acquires-crunchy-data-to-bring-enterprise-ready-postgres-offering-to-the-ai-data-cloud). Snowflake, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [Speed Without Sacrifice: Building the Modern PostgreSQL for the Analytical and Agentic Era](https://www.tigerdata.com/blog/timescale-becomes-tigerdata). Ajay Kulkarni and Mike Freedman, Tiger Data, 2025。引用章节：[服务商](/35-providers/#specialists-buy-you-closer-support-and-fewer-regions)。 - [The Part of PostgreSQL We Hate the Most](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pavlo/blog/2023/04/the-part-of-postgresql-we-hate-the-most.html). Andy Pavlo and Bohan Zhang, 2023。引用章节：[HOT](/07-hot/#further-reading)。 - [The USE Method](https://www.brendangregg.com/usemethod.html). Brendan Gregg，未注明日期。引用章节：[可观测性](/31-observability/#further-reading)。 - [Thoughts on Uber's List of Postgres Limitations](https://www.enterprisedb.com/blog/thoughts-ubers-list-postgres-limitations). Simon Riggs, EDB, 2016。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#uber-hit-this-asymmetry-and-both-sides-were-right)。 - [Transaction ID Wraparound in Postgres](https://blog.sentry.io/transaction-id-wraparound-in-postgres). Sentry, 2015。引用章节：[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)。 - [Uber's move away from PostgreSQL](https://rhaas.blogspot.com/2016/08/ubers-move-away-from-postgresql.html). Robert Haas, 2016。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#uber-hit-this-asymmetry-and-both-sides-were-right)。 - [VACUUM won't remove dead rows: 4 reasons why](https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/reasons-why-vacuum-wont-remove-dead-rows). Laurenz Albe, CYBERTEC, 2018。引用章节：[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)。 - [We need tool support for keyset pagination](https://use-the-index-luke.com/no-offset). Markus Winand, 2014。引用章节：[查询](/22-queries/#further-reading)。 - [What We Learned from the Recent Mandrill Outage](https://mailchimp.com/what-we-learned-from-the-recent-mandrill-outage). Mailchimp, 2019。引用章节：[清理](/10-vacuum/#further-reading)。 - [Why Uber Engineering Switched from Postgres to MySQL](https://www.uber.com/us/en/blog/postgres-to-mysql-migration). Evan Klitzke, Uber, 2016。引用章节：[不是 MySQL](/11-not-mysql/#further-reading)。 - [Why we spent the last month eliminating PostgreSQL subtransactions](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/why-we-spent-the-last-month-eliminating-postgresql-subtransactions). GitLab, 2021。引用章节：[并发](/25-concurrency/#further-reading)。 - [Zero-downtime Postgres migrations: the hard parts](https://gocardless.com/blog/zero-downtime-postgres-migrations-the-hard-parts). Chris Sinjakli, GoCardless，未注明日期。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)。 - [Zero-downtime Postgres schema migrations need this: lock_timeout and retries](https://postgres.ai/blog/20210923-zero-downtime-postgres-schema-migrations-lock-timeout-and-retries). Nikolay Samokhvalov, PostgresAI, 2021。引用章节：[模式变更](/26-migrations/#further-reading)。